Abstract
Stibogluconate sodium and meglumine antimoniate are the main antimonials utilised as the primary treatment option for leishmaniasis. However, have a number of side effects that limit their use. Development of nanoparticles (NPs) use in biological research and remarkable antimicrobial effects and unique optical and structural properties of CaO NPs have motivated this study to evaluated the effect of different times/dilutions of CaO NPs on Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum. To evaluate the antileishmanial activity of CaO NPs, the cytotoxic effect of CaO NPs against L. tropica and L. infantum amastigotes, promastigotes, as well as macrophages, was evaluated using counting and MTT assay after adding different concentrations of CaO nanoparticles (800–6.25 μg/ml) to the parasite culture. The possible apoptosis by CaO NPs were evaluated via flow cytometry assay. The XRD-pattern related to CaO nanoparticles indicating the cubic phase structures. According the effects of nanoparticle on promastigotes the IC50 values of CaO nanoparticles within 72 h were 19.81 μg/ml for L. tropica and 22.57 μg/ml for L. infantum. The percentage of the normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells was estimated to be 82.6%, 14.81%, and 2.69% for L. tropica, and 73.6%, 23.89%, and 2.58% for L. infantum, respectively. Our results showed acceptable in vitro activity level of CaO NPs against L. tropica and L. infantum promastigotes as well as intracellular amastigotes. CaO NPs were more effective against L. infantum compared to L. tropica in vitro study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- L. tropica :
-
Leishmania tropica
- L. infantum :
-
Leishmania infantum
- CL:
-
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
- MCL:
-
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
- LR:
-
Leishmaniasis recidivans
- DCL:
-
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- VL:
-
Visceral leishmaniasis
- PKDL:
-
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- WHO:
-
World health organization
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
- MgO:
-
Magnesium oxide
- CuO:
-
Copper oxide
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium oxide
- CaO:
-
Calcium oxide
References
Abazari R, Mahjoub AR, Molaie S, Ghaffarifar F, Ghasemi E, Slawin AM, Carpenter-Warren CL (2018) The effect of different parameters under ultrasound irradiation for synthesis of new nanostructured Fe3O4@ bio-MOF as an efficient anti-leishmanial in vitro and in vivo conditions. Ultrason Sonochem 43:248–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.01.022
Abraham S, Sarathy V (2018) Biomedical applications of calcium oxide nanoparticles-a spectroscopic study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 49:121
Akbari M, Oryan A, Hatam G (2017) Application of nanotechnology in treatment of leishmaniasis: a review. Acta Trop 172:86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.029
Bae D-H, Yeon J-H, Park S-Y, Lee D-H, Ha S-D (2006) Bactericidal effects of CaO (scallop-shell powder) on foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Arch Pharm Res 29:298–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968574
Barati M, Sharifi I, Sharififar F (2010) In vitro evaluation of anti-leishmanial activities of Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Peganum Harmala and Myrtus Communis by colorimetric assay. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 16:32–42
Barati M, Sharifi I, Sharififar F, Hakimi Parizi M, Shokri A (2014) Anti-leishmanial activity of Gossypium hirsutum L., Ferula assa-foetida L. and Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Extracts by colorimetric assay. Anti-Infect Agents 12:159–164. https://doi.org/10.2174/22113525113119990005
Beheshti N, Soflaei S, Shakibaie M, Yazdi MH, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Shahverdi AR (2013) Efficacy of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against Leishmania major: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 27:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.11.002
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M (2007) Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5:873–882. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1748
Croft SL, Coombs GH (2003) Leishmaniasis–current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs. Trends Parasitol 19:502–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.09.008
Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR, Camacho-Bragado A, Gao X, Lara HH, Yacaman MJ (2005) Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnology 3:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-3-6
Foroutan-Rad M, Khademvatan S, Jasem S, Hashemitabar M (2016) Holothuria leucospilota extract induces apoptosis in Leishmania major promastigotes. Iran J Parasitol 11:339
Ghaffarifar F, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Ghaffari AD, Tavakoli P, Barati M, Rasekhi A, KarimiPourSaryazdi Y, Siahkohy B (2020) Anti-toxoplasma effects of artemisia aucheri extract in vitro. Paramed Sci Mil Health 15:26–34
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson AD (2002) Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2:494–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00347-x
Irache JM, Esparza I, Gamazo C, Agüeros M, Espuelas S (2011) Nanomedicine: novel approaches in human and veterinary therapeutics. Vet Parasitol 180:47–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.028
Jebali A, Kazemi B (2013) Nano-based antileishmanial agents: a toxicological study on nanoparticles for future treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Toxicol in Vitro 27:1896–1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.002
Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW (2010) Nanomedicine. N Engl J Med 363:2434
KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Tavakoli P, Barati M, Ghaffarifar F, Ghaffari AD, KarimiPourSaryazdi Y (2019) Anti-toxoplasma effects of silver nanoparticles based on ginger extract: an in vitro study. J Mil Med. https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.104248
Karimipour-Saryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Tavakoli P, Karimipour-Saryazdi Y, Zaki L, Bahadory S (2020) Anti-parasitic effects of herbal extract-based silver nanoparticles on the trophozoite and cystic forms of acanthamoeba protozoa. Int J Enteric Pathog 8:84–88. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.19
Khazaei M, Rahnama V, Motazedian MH, Samani SM, Hatam G (2021) In vitro effect of artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) on Leishmania infantum. J Parasit Dis 45:964–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-021-01373-2
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG (2005) Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366:1561–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67629-5
Natera S, Machuca C, Padrón-Nieves M, Romero A, Díaz E, Ponte-Sucre A (2007) Leishmania spp.: proficiency of drug-resistant parasites. Int J Antimicrob Agents 29:637–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.01.004
Organization W.H (2000) A report of the consultation meeting on traditional and modern medicine: harmonizing two approaches, 22–26 November 1999. Beijing, China., West Pacific Region
Oryan A, Mehrabani D, Owji SM, Motazedian M-H, Asgari Q (2007) Histopathologic and electron microscopic characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tatera indica and Gerbillus spp. infected with Leishmania major. Comp Clin Path 16:275–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-007-0693-z
Pouresmaeiliyan S, Sharifi I, Aflatoniyan M, Mirzaei M, Barati M (2010) A new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dehbakry region of Bam district, southeastern Iran 2008. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 16:15–24
Prasanna P, Kumar P, Kumar S, Rajana VK, Kant V, Prasad SR, Mohan U, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D (2021) Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis—a review. Biomed Pharmacother 141:111920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111920
Ramola B, Joshi NC, Ramola M, Chhabra J, Singh A (2019) Green synthesis, characterisations and antimicrobial activities of CaO nanoparticles. Orient J Chem 35:1154. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350333
Sawai J (2003) Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders (ZnO, MgO and CaO) by conductimetric assay. J Microbiol Methods 54:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00037-x
Shirian S, Oryan A, Hatam G-R, Panahi S, Daneshbod Y (2014) Comparison of conventional, molecular, and immunohistochemical methods in diagnosis of typical and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 138:235–240. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0098-OA
Tavakoli P, Ghaffarifar F, Delavari H, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Dayer MS, Nasiri V, Ahmadi S (2022) Synthesis of tellurium oxide (TeO2) nanorods and nanoflakes and evaluation of its efficacy against leishmania major in vitro and in vivo. Acta Parasitol 67:143–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00445-w
Verma NK, Dey CS (2004) Possible mechanism of miltefosine-mediated death of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:3010–3015. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.8.3010-3015.2004
Wang L, Hu C, Shao L (2017) The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomed 12:1227. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S121956
Yamamoto O, Ohira T, Alvarez K, Fukuda M (2010) Antibacterial characteristics of CaCO3–MgO composites. Mater Sci Eng B 173:208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2009.12.007
Yousefi R, Ghaffarifar F, Asl AD (2009) The effect of Alkanna tincturia and Peganum harmala extracts on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in vitro. Iran J Parasitol 4:40–47
Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation and appreciation to all those who have contributed to this project. This study was financially supported by AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant No: 97001598).
Funding
Funding was provided by Aja University of Medical Sciences (97001598).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Data curation: ADG, MB, MP, FG, ME, AKPS. Investigation: MP, FG, ME. Methodology: ADG, MB, MP, FG. Supervision: MP, FG, ME. Validation: MB, AKPS. Writing—original draft: ADG. Writing—review and editing: MB, MP, FG, ME, AKPS.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical statement
This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IR.AJAUMS.REC.1400.121).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dalir Ghaffari, A., Barati, M., Ghaffarifar, F. et al. Investigation of antileishmanial activities of CaO nanoparticles on L. tropica and L. infantum parasites, in vitro. J Parasit Dis 47, 73–81 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-022-01539-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-022-01539-6