Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comprehensive analysis of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Parasitic Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Reinforcement of the body with exogenous antioxidants have been shown to mitigate the negative effects of African trypanosomiasis on the host and contribute greatly to their survival. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. To achieve this, parasite free healthy rats were acclimatized for 2 weeks before they were divided into three groups. Two of the groups were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 × 104 parasites/rat and monitored for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Blood samples were collected from the infected rats from the second day post infection to detect the presence of parasites. Vitamin E treatment started day 4 post infection at the onset of parasitaemia. Parasites were monitored till the end of the study. The blood glucose level was determined using a glucometer; the lipid profile, liver and kidney biomarkers, electrolytes and protein were determined by colorimetric method using commercial kits. Haematological parameters were analysed using a sysmex haematology analyser. The results of this study showed that the infection adversely affected the biomarkers examined showing its negative effect on liver, kidney, haematological parameters and host electrolyte balance. Treatments with Vitamin E was however able to mitigate the negative effect of this infection. In conclusion, the treatment was able to ameliorate the anaemia and organ damage caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, extend the life span of the treated rats and greatly delay the time taken to get to the second stage of the infection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdulazeez MA, Ibrahim AB, Edibo ZY, Sidali JO, Idris HO (2013) Anti-trypanosomal effect of Peristrophe bicalyculataextract on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3(7):523–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Abubakar A, Iliyasu B, Yusuf AB, Igweh AC, Onyekwelu NA, Shamaki BA, Afolayan DO, Ogbadoyi EO (2005) Antitrypanosomal and haematological effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plants in Wistar rats. Biokemistri 17(2):95–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Abubakar AS, Onaolapo MH, Abdullahi YA, Kabir SS, Danladi O (2016) The metabolism of African trypanosomes in relation to pathogenic mechanisms: a review. J Pharm Biol Sci 11(2):68–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Abuessailla A, Ismail AA, Agab H, Shuaib YA (2017) Serum biochemical and histopathological changes in rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi isolated from dromedary camels in Sudan. Int J Life Sci Sci Res 3(3):1075–1084. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.3.19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adah MI, Otesile EB, Joshua RA (1992) Changes in levels of transaminases in goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Revue Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 45:284–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam S, Barde N, Abenga JN, Useh NM, Ibrahim NDG, Esievo KAN (2009) Experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection-induced changes in the serum profiles of lipids and cholesterol and the clinical implications in pigs. J Cell Anim Biol 3(2):15–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamu S, Ige AA, Jatau ID, Neils JS, Useh NM, Bisalla M et al (2008) Changes in the serum profiles of lipids and cholesterol in sheep experimental model of acute African trypanosomosis. Afr J Biotechnol 7(12):2090–2098

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adamu O, Haruna MK, Ovbagbedia RP, Uzowuru M, Eyitope MG, Anichebe F (2015) Effects of immunace and iron dextran on anemia and immunosuppression of T. Brucei infected rats. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2(8):1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adebayo AO, Ibitoroko GOM, Emechete EM (2019) Effect of vitamin E on hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen levels in male wistar albinorats infected with trypanosomaBrucei Brucei. Int J Biomed Adv Res 10(01):e4934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemi OS, Sulaiman FA (2012) Biochemical and morphological changes in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats treated with homidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. J Basic Clin Physio Pharm 23(4):179–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adieme IC, Ezeh IO, Ugochukwu EI, Romanus CE (2014) Effect of diminazene aceturate, levamisole and vitamin C combination therapy in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7:438–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Akanji MA, Adeyemi OS, Oguntoye SO, Sulyman F (2009) Psidium guajava extract reduces trypanosomosis associated lipid peroxidation and raises glutathione concentrations in infected animals. EXCLI J 8:148–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Akazue PI, Ebiloma GU, Ajibola O, Isaac C, Onyekwelu K, Ezeh CO, Eze AA (2019) Sustainable elimination (Zero Cases) of sleeping sickness: how far are we from achieving this goal? Pathogens 8(135):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Akpa PO, Ezeokonkwo RC, Eze CA, Anene BM (2008) Comparative efficacy assessment of pentamidine isethionate and diminazene aceturate in the chemotherapy of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 151:139–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allam L, Ogwu D, Agbede RIS, Sackey Allam AKB, Ogwu LD, Agbede RIS, Sackey AKB (2011) Hematological and serum biochemical changes in gilts experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. J Vet Arhiv 81(5):597–609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arora JK, Pathok KML (1995) Clinico-haematological and biochemical changes associated with T. evansi infection in dogs. Indian J Anim Health 34(1):33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Bala AY, Adamu T, Abubakar U, Ladan MJ (2012) Amelioration of trypanosome-infection-induced alterations in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and proteins by hydro-ethanolic extract of Waltheria indica in rats. Res J Parasitol 6:127–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouteille B, Buguet A (2012) The detection and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Res Rep Trop Med 3:35–45

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bruijn JA, Oemar BS, Ehrich JH, Foidart JM, Fleuren GJ (1987) Anti-basement membrane glomerulopathy in experimental trypanosomiasis. J Immunol 139(7):2482–2488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capewell P, Cooper A, Clucas C, Weir W, Macleod A (2014) A co-evolutionary arms race: trypanosomes shaping the human genome, humans shaping the trypanosome genome. Parasitology 142(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182014000602

  • Cnops J, Magez S, De Trez C (2015) Escape mechanisms of African trypanosomes: why trypanosomosis is keeping us awake. Parasitology 142(3):417–427

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creek DJ, Mazet M, Achcar F, Anderson J, Kim DH, Kamour R, Morand P, Millerioux Y, Biran M, Kerkhoven EJ, Chokkathukalam A (2015) Probing the metabolic network in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei using untargeted metabolomics with stable isotope labelled glucose. PLoS Pathog 11(3):e1004689

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Edoga CO, Njoku OO, Okeke JJ, Ani CE (2013) Effect of vitamin C treatment on serum protein, albumin, beta globulin profiles and body weight of Trypanosoma Brucei-infected Rattus Norvegicus. Anim Res Int 10(1):1685–1688

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekanem JT, Yusuf OK (2008) Some biochemical and haematological effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil on T. brucei-infected rats. Afr J Biomed Res 11:79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Eze JI, Okeke MC, Ngene AA, Omeje JN, Abonyi FO (2013) Effects of dietary selenium supplementation on parasitemia, anemia and serum proteins of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected rats. Exp Parasitol 135:331–336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ezeokonkwo RC, Ezeh IO, Onunkwo JI, Onyenwe IW, Iheagwam CN, Agu WE (2012) Comparative serum biochemical changes in mongrel dogs following single and mixed infections of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Vet Parasitol 190(1–2):56–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiennes RTW, Jones ER, Laws SG (1946) The course and pathology of T. congolense (brooden) disease of cattle. J Comp Pathol 56:1–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JR, Cecchi G, Priotto G, Paone M, Diarra A, Grout L, Simarro PP, Zhao W, Argaw D (2018) Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2016. PLOS Neglect Trop Dis 12(12):e0006890

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaithuma AK, Yamagishi J, Martinelli A, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Marsela M, Sugimoto C (2019) A single test approach for accurate and sensitive detection and taxonomic characterization of Trypanosomes by comprehensive analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 amplicons. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 13(2):e0006842

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gjini E, Haydon DT, Barry JD, Cobbold CA (2010) Critical interplay between parasitesdifferentiation, host immunity, and antigenic variation in trypanosome infections. Am Nat 176(4):424–439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutteridge JMC (1995) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage. Clin Chem 41:1819–1828

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera E, Barbas C (2001) Vitamin E, action, metabolism and perspectives. J Physiol Biochem 57:43–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert WJ, Lumsden WH (1976) Trypanasoma brucei: a rapid matching method for estimating the host's parasitaemia. Exper Parasitol 40:427–431

  • Hussain R, Khan A, Abbas RZ, Ghaffar A, Abbas G, Rahman T, Ali F (2016) Clinico-hematological and biochemical studies on naturally infected camels with trypanosomiasis. Pak J Zool Soc 48(2):311–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igbokwe IO (1994) Mechanisms of cellular injury in African trypanosomiasis. Vet Bull 64:611–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Igbokwe IO, Muhammed A (1992) Some plasma biochemical changes in experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in Sokoto red goats. Rev Elev Med Pays Trop 45(3–40):287–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igbokwe IO, Umar IA, Omage JJ, Ibrahim NDG, Kadima KB, Obagaiye OK, Saror DI, Esievo KAN (1996) Effect of acute Trypanosoma vivax infection on cattle erythrocyte glutathione and susceptibility to in vitro peroxidation. Vet Parasitol 63:215–224

  • Ismaila AU, Zipporah AT, Funnilayo II, Lawan AG, BB, (2000) The role of vitamin C administration in alleviation of organ damage in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Clin Biochem Nutr 28:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss LM (2008) Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6th edn. Elsevier, Hoboken, pp 854–858

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor S (2011) Hepascore: a new liver function test. J Clin Diagnos Res 5(1):155–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaye GP, Sackey AKB, Tekdek LB, Lawan IA (2017) Biochemical response of red sokoto bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma bruceitreatment and relapse. Saudi J Biomed Res 2(4):86–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Murray M, Holmes PH (1999) The influence of energy intake on some blood biochemical parameters in Scottish Blackface sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Vet Parasitol 84:1–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobo PI, Ayo JO, Tagang Aluwong T, Zezi AU, Maikai VA (2013) Haematological changes in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected wistar rats treated with a flavonoid mixture and/or diminazene aceturate. Biol Med J 6:213. https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longdet IY, Achemu HU, Okanlawon CN (2014) Potentials of methanolic extract of N. latifolia stem bark against T. congolense infection in experimental rats. J Agric Sci Policy Res 4:29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Malvy D, Chappuis F (2011) Sleeping sickness. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:986–995

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazet M, Morand P, Biran M, Bouyssou G, Courtois P, Daulouède S, Millerioux Y, Franconi JM, Vincendeau P, Moreau P, Bringaud F (2013) Revisiting the central metabolism of the blood stream forms of Trypanosoma brucei: Production of acetate in the mitochondrion Is essential for parasiteviability. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 7(12):e2587

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Nwosu CO, Egbe-Nwiyi T (2009) The relationship between parasitaemia and anaemia in concurrent Trypanosoma brucei and Haemonchus contortus infections in red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons). Vet Arhiv 79(5):451–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RR, Senapati SK, Sahoo SC, Das MR, Sahoo G, Patra RC (2017) Trypanosomiasis induced oxidative stress and hemato-biochemical alteration in cattle. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(6):721–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison WI, Murray M, Sayer PD, Preston JM (1981) The pathogenesis of experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection in dog. Am J Pathol 102:182–194

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ngure RM, Ndungu JM, Ngotho JM, Nancy MK, Maathai RG, Gateri LM (2008) Biochemical changes in the plasma of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. J Cell Anim Biol 2(7):150–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Nwagwu M, Opperdoes FR (1982) Regulation of glycolysis in Trypanosoma brucei: hexokinase and phosphofructokinase activity. Acta Trop 39:61–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omotainse SO, Anosa VO (1995) Leucocyte and thrombocyte response in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 48(3):254–258

  • Ogunsanmi AO, Taiwo VO (2001) Pathobiochemical mechanisms involved in the control of the disease caused by Trypanosoma congolense in African grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia). Vet Parasitol 96:51–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunsanmi AO, Akpavie SO, Anosa VO (1994) Serum biochemical changes in West African Dwarf sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Revue d’Elevage et de medicine veterinaire des pays tropicaux 47(2):195–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oparah NQ, Sackey KBA, Lawal AI, Abdullahi SU (2017) Haematological indices in Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federe isolate) infected Nigerian donkeys (Equus asinus) treated with homidium and isometamidium chloride. Mac Vet Rev 40(1):73–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2017-0014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opperdoes FR, Hart DR, Baudhain P (1986) Biogenesis of glycosome (microbodies) in the trypanosomatidae T. brucei. Eur J Cell Biol 41:30

    Google Scholar 

  • Orhue N, Nwanze E, Okafor A (2005) Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels in Trypanosoma brucei-infected rabbits: effect of orally administered Scoparia dulcis. Afr J Biotechnol 4:1152–1155

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackey AKB (2011) Hematological and serum biochemical changes in gilts experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. J Vet Arhiv 81(5):597–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleh MA, Bassam MA, Sanousi SA (2009) Oxidative stress in blood of camels (Camelus dromedaries) naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 162:192–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samia HA, Elmalik KH, Khalid HS, Shamat AMA, Khojali SME (2004) Biochemical changes in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi. J Anim Vet Adv 3(7):483–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel FU, Adamu S, Bisalla M, Chiezey NP, Mohammed AK, Bello TK et al (2016) Effect of T. congolense on haematological parameters in experimentally infected donkeys. J Anim Prod Res 28(1):14–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sazmand A, Rasooli A, Nouri M, Hamidinejat H, Hekmatimoghaddam S (2011) Serobiochemical alterations in subclinically affected dromedary camels with Trypanosoma evansi in Iran. Pak Vet J 31(3):223–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyfang A, Duszenko M (1991) Specificity of glucose transport in Trypanosoma brucei. Effective inhibition by phloretin and cytochalasin B. Eur J Biochem 202:191–196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Fèvre EM, Mattioli RC, Jannin JG (2012) Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 6:e1859

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TK, Bringaud F, Nolan DP, Figueiredo LM (2017) Metabolic reprogramming during the Trypanosoma bruceilife cycle. F1000Research 6:683

    Google Scholar 

  • Sow A, Sidibé I, Kalandi M, Bathily A, Ndiaye NP, Ouédraogo M, Mouiche MM, Sawadogo GJ (2014) Biochemical changes induced by natural infection of trypanosomosis in Burkinabese local donkey breeds. Comp Clin Pathol 23:103–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stijlemans B, Radwanska M, De Trez C, Magez S (2017) African trypanosomes undermine humoral responses and vaccine development: link with inflammatory responses? Front Immunol 8:582

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman AF, Akanji MA, Yakubu MT (2012) Effect of administration of Ibuprofen on the levels of parasitaemia, albumin and total protein concentration in rats infected with Trypanosoma bruce brucei. Afr Sci 13(1):57–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabel H, Wei G, Shi M (2008) T cells and immunopathogenesis of experimental African trypanosomiasis. Immunol Rev 225:128–139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO (2009) Haematological, pathological and plasma biochemical changes in rabbits experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Sci World J 4(2)

  • Taylor K, Authie EM (2004) Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA (eds) The trypanosomiasis. CAB International, London, pp 331–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesfaye D, Speybroeck N, De Deken R, Thys E (2012) Economic burden of bovine trypanosomosis in three villages of Metekel zone, northwest Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 44(4):873–879

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traber MG, Atkinson J (2007) Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radic Biol Med 43:4–15

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trindade S, Rijo-Ferreira F, Carvalho T, Pinto-Neves D, Guegan F, Aresta-Branco F, Bento F, Young SA, Pinto A, Van Den Abbeele J, Ribeiro RM (2016) Trypanosoma brucei parasites occupy and functionally adapt to the adipose tissue in mice. Cell Host Microbe 19(6):837–848

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ukpai OM, Nwabuko OP (2014) Effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei on haematological parameters and pathology of internal organs of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected albino rats. Niger J Biotechnol 27:8–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Wuro-Chekke AU, Gidado A, Igbokwe IO (1999) Effects of Combined parental vitamin C and E administration on the severity of anaemia, hepatic and renal damage in T. brucei-infected rabbits. Vet Parasitol 85:43–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Toh ZA, Igbalajobi FI, Igbokwe IO, Gidado A (1999) The effect of orally administered vitamins C and E on the severity of anaemia in T. brucei-infected rats. Trop Vet 18:71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Toh ZA, Igbalajobi FI, Igbokwe IO, Gidado A (2000) The effects of orally administered vitamins C and E on severity of anaemia in Trypanosoma brucei- infected rats. Trop Vet 18:71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Toh ZA, Igbalagobi FI, Gidado A, Buratai LB (2000) The role of vitamin C administration in alleviation of organ damage in rats infected with the T. brucei. J Clin Biochem Nutr 28:1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Igbalajobi FI, Toh ZA, Gidado A, Shugaba A et al (2001) Effect of repeated daily doses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) on some biochemical indices of rats infected with T. brucei (Basa strain). West Afr J BiolSci 12:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Igbalajobi FI, Toh ZA, Gidado A, Shugaba A, Buratai LB (2001) Effects of oral administration of repeated doses of vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) on some biochemical indices in rats infected with T. b. brucei. West Afr J Biol Sci 12:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Ogenyi E, Okodaso D, Kimeng E, Stancheva GI, Omage JJ, Isah S, Ibrahim MA (2007) Amelioration of anaemia and organ damage by combined intraperitoneal administration of vitamins A and C to trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. Afr J Biotechnol 6(18):2083–2086

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umar IA, Rumah BL, Bulus SL, Kamla AA, Jobin A, Asueliman BI, Mazai MH, Ibrahim MA, Isah S (2008) Effects of intraperitoneal administration of vitamins C and E or A and E combinations on the severity of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in rats. Afri J Biochem Res 2(3):088–091

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hellemond JJ, Tielens AGM (2006) Adaptations in the lipid metabolism of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS Lett 580:5552–5558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K, Tetley L (1979) Biology and ultrastructure of trypanonomes in relation to pathogenesis. In: Losos G, Chouinard A (eds) Pathogenicity of trypanosomes. IDRC, Ottawa, pp 23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Vray B, Debaetselier P, Ouaisis A, Carlier Y (1991) Trypanosoma with T. evansi infection in dogs. Indian J Anim Health 34(1):33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf AB, Umar IA, Nok AJ (2012) Effects of methanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf on survival and some biochemical parameters in acute Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. Afr J Biochem Res 6(12):150–158

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding was received for this research, it was funded by the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

    Rotimi Johnson Ojo, Gideon Agyiye Enoch, Faratu Saleh Adeh, Luret Carmen Fompun & Blessing Yohanna Bitrus

  2. Human African Trypanosomiasis Research Department, Nigerian Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria

    Meshack Anthony Kugama

Authors
  1. Rotimi Johnson Ojo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gideon Agyiye Enoch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Faratu Saleh Adeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luret Carmen Fompun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Blessing Yohanna Bitrus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Meshack Anthony Kugama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rotimi Johnson Ojo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors declared that no conflict of interest exist.

Human and animal rights

Animals were humanely cared for in compliance with the principles of laboratory Animal care as stated by Bingham University Karu Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ojo, R.J., Enoch, G.A., Adeh, F.S. et al. Comprehensive analysis of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. J Parasit Dis 45, 512–523 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01322-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01322-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation