Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic disease, which is of particular importance in women before and during pregnancy. In this study, the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay was used to detect Toxoplasma gondii and the seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii was investigated among childbearing women in Qom, Iran. In this study, 202 blood samples were collected from childbearing women for evaluation of toxoplasmosis. Serum samples were isolated to determine anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies. Based on findings, the total prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was 134 (66.3%) [95% CI 59.6–72.5]. In addition, 133 (65.8%) [95% CI 59.1–72.1], 19 (9.4%) [95% CI 6.1–14.2] and 18 (8.9%) [95% CI 5.7–13.6] samples were IgG-positive, IgM-positive and positive for both antibodies, respectively. The highest infection rate was reported over the age of 35 years, and positive lgM antibodies were detected in women below 29 years. T. gondii infection showed a significant correlation with age, pregnancy, contact with cats, exposure to soil, and consumption of raw food (P < 0.05). The serological tests revealed that nearly 33.7% [95% CI 27.5–40.4] of women at childbearing age (49.1% [95% CI 36.4–61.9] of pregnant women versus 27.9% [95% CI 21.3–35.6] of non-pregnant women) had no anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Therefore, this population is more prone to acute infections with Toxoplasma.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhlaghi L, Ghasemi A, Hadighi R, Tabatabaie F (2014) Study of seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Karaj township of Alborz province, 2013. J Entomol Zool Stud 2:217–219
Alavi SM, Alavi L (2016) Toxoplasmosis in Iran: a guide for general physicians working in the Iranian health network setting: a systematic review. Casp J Intern Med 7:233
Alvarado-Esquivel C et al (2007) Seroepidemiology of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in healthy blood donors of Durango. Mexico. BMC Infect Dis 7:75
Assmar M, Amirkhani A, Piazak N, Hovanesian A, Kooloobandi A, Etessami R (1997) Toxoplasmosis in Iran. Results of a seroepidemiological study. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90:19–21
Austeng ME, Eskild A, Jacobsen M, Jenum PA, Whitelaw A, Engdahl B (2010) Maternal infection with Toxoplasma gondii in pregnancy and the risk of hearing loss in the offspring. Int J Audiol 49:65–68
Azad ZM, Moravej H, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Masjedian F, Nazari R, Mirnejad R, Moghaddam MM (2017) In vitro synergistic effects of a short cationic peptide and clinically used antibiotics against drug-resistant isolates of Brucella melitensis. J Med Microbiol 66:919–926
Borna S, Shariat M, Fallahi M, Janani L (2013) Prevalence of immunity to toxoplasmosis among Iranian childbearing age women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Reprod Med 11:861
Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP Jr, Liu L, Babulas VP, Susser ES (2005) Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 162:767–773
Dong H, Su R, Lu Y, Wang M, Liu J, Jian F, Yang Y (2018) Prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans (2000–2017) from China. Front Microbiol 9:2108
Ebrahimzade E et al (2019) Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of a short cationic peptide against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania major (MHRO/IR/75/ER): an in vitro study. Exp Parasitol 196:48–54
Fallahi S, Rostami A, Shiadeh MN, Behniafar H, Paktinat S (2018) An updated literature review on maternal-fetal and reproductive disorders of Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 47:133–140
Fouladvand M, Barazesh A, Zandi K, Naeimi B, Tajbakhsh S (2010) Seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in childbearing age women in Bushehr City, south west of Iran in 2009. Afr J Biotechnol 9:5809–5812
Gharavi MJ et al (2018) Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in young Iranians: the CASPIAN III study. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 6(1):1–6
Ghorbani M, Edrissian GH, Afshar A (1981) Serological survey of human toxoplasmosis in mountainous regions of the north-west and south-west parts of Iran (1976–1977). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75:38–40
Gibson CL, Coleman N (1958) The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7:334–338
Heidari MF, Arab SS, Noroozi-Aghideh A, Tebyanian H, Latifi AM (2019) Evaluation of the substitutions in 212, 342 and 215 amino acid positions in binding site of organophosphorus acid anhydrolase using the molecular docking and laboratory analysis. Bratisl Lek Listy 120:139–143. https://doi.org/10.4149/bll_2019_022
Khomarlou N, Aberoomand-Azar P, Lashgari AP, Tebyanian H, Hakakian A, Ranjbar R, Ayatollahi SA (2018) Essential oil composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of Chenopodium album subsp. striatum. Acta Biol Hung 69:144–155. https://doi.org/10.1556/018.69.2018.2.4
M’bondoukwé NP et al (2018) Prevalence of and risk factors for malaria, filariasis, and intestinal parasites as single infections or co-infections in different settlements of Gabon. Central Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 7:6
Maldonado YA, Read JS, CoI D (2017) Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States. Pediatrics 139:e20163860
Narouie B, Modrak MJ, Miri A (2012) Seroepidemiology evaluation of Toxoplasma IgG values in women at their marriage age and pathogenesis factors. Life Sci J 9:185–190
Pereira KS, Franco RM, Leal DA (2010) Transmission of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) by foods. In: Taylor S (ed) Advances in food and nutrition research, vol 60. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–19
Rostami A et al (2019) Acute Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007807
Sadooghian S, Mahmoudvand H, Mohammadi MA, Sarcheshmeh NN, Kareshk AT, Kamiabi H, Zia-Ali N (2017) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Healthy Blood Donors in Northeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol 12:554
Sani MRM, Moghaddam MM, Aghamollaei H, Hassanpour K, Taheri RA, Farnoosh G (2014) Investigation of caspase-1 activity and interleukin-1β production in murine macrophage cell lines infected with Leishmania major. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7:S70–S73
Shapiro K, Bahia-Oliveira L, Dixon B, Dumètre A, de Wit LA, VanWormer E, Villena I (2019) Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: oocysts in water, soil and food. Food Waterborne Parasitol 15:e00049
Sharif M, Daryani A, Ebrahimnejad Z, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E, Borhani S, Lamsechi N (2016) Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. J Infect Public Health 9:75–80
Sickinger E et al (2008) Performance characteristics of the new ARCHITECT Toxo IgG and Toxo IgG avidity assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 62:235–244
Sickinger E et al (2009) Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT Toxo IgM assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64:275–282
Singh S (2016) Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical features, outcomes, treatment, and prevention. Trop Parasitol 6:113
Taherian A, Fazilati M, Moghadam AT, Tebyanian H (2018) Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab)2 antivenom against Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpion) venom. Trop J Pharm Res 17:409–414. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v17i3.4
Wam EC, Sama LF, Ali IM, Ebile WA, Aghangu LA, Tume CB (2016) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors in women of child-bearing age in Njinikom. NW Cameroon. BMC Res Notes 9:406
Wang Z-D et al (2017) Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol 8:389
Wilking H, Thamm M, Stark K, Aebischer T, Seeber F (2016) Prevalence, incidence estimations, and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Germany: a representative, cross-sectional, serological study. Sci Rep 6:22551
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thanks from colleagues especially Mohamad Ashrafi for their kind and generous assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sobati, H. Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay-based detection and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in childbearing women (Iran). J Parasit Dis 44, 273–280 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-019-01190-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-019-01190-8