Abstract
The mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-based powder metallurgy (P/M) friction composites containing 10wt%–50wt% oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Cu reinforced with nano-Al2O3 were investigated. Additionally, the friction and wear behaviors as well as the wear mechanism of the Cu-based composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping. The results indicated that the Cu-based friction composite containing 30wt% ODS Cu exhibited the highest hardness and shear strength. The average and instantaneous friction coefficient curves of this sample, when operated in a high-speed train at a speed of 300 km/h, were similar to those of a commercial disc brake pad produced by Knorr-Bremse AG (Germany). Additionally, the lowest linear wear loss of the obtained samples was (0.008 ± 0.001) mm per time per face, which is much lower than that of the Knorr-Bremse pad ((0.01 ± 0.001) mm). The excellent performance of the developed pad is a consequence of the formation of a dense oxide composite layer and its close combination with the pad body.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.M. Martinez and J. Echeberria, Towards a better understanding of the reaction between metal powders and the solid lubricant Sb2S3 in a low-metallic brake pad at high temperature, Wear, 348-349(2016), p. 27.
G.W. Yi and F.Y. Yan, Effect of hexagonal boron nitride and calcined petroleum coke on friction and wear behavior of phenolic resin-based friction composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 425(2006), No. 1-2, p. 330.
A. Sellami, M. Kchaou, R. Elleuch, A.L. Crictol, and Y. Desplanques, Study of the interaction between microstructure, mechanical and tribo-performance of a commercial brake lining material, Mater. Des., 59(2014), p. 84.
P.J. Blau and B.C. Jolly, Wear of truck brake lining materials using three different test methods, Wear, 259(2005), No. 7-12, p. 1022.
S. Dhanasekaran and R. Gnanamoorthy, Dry sliding friction and wear characteristics of Fe-C-Cu alloy containing molybdenum di sulphide, Mater. Des., 28(2007), No. 4, p. 1135.
T. Sun, R.B. Song, F.Q. Yang, and C.J. Wu, Wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron under impact load, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21(2014), No. 9, p. 871.
S.H. Kim, Influence of sulphides on the tribological properties of composites produced by pulse electric current sintering, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21(2014), No. 1, p. 95.
T. Singh, A. Patnaik, B. Gangil, and R. Chauhan, Optimization of tribo-performance of brake friction materials: Effect of nano filler, Wear, 324-325(2015), p. 10.
X. Xiong, J. Chen, P.P. Yao, S.P. Li, and B.Y. Huang, Friction and wear behaviors and mechanisms of Fe and SiO2 in Cu-based P/M friction materials, Wear, 262(2007), No. 9-10, p. 1182.
P.K. Deshpande and R.Y. Lin, Wear resistance of WC particle reinforced copper matrix composites and the effect of porosity, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 418(2006), No. 1-2, p. 137.
Y. Wang, Q.Z. Yan, X.L. Zhang, C.C. Ge, and H.Q. Zhao, Effect of copper powders on properties of Cu-based friction material, Chin. J. Mater. Res., 27(2013), No. 1, p. 37.
J.J. Hao, Z.M. Guo, C.G. Chen, J. Luo, L.C. Guo, W.W. Yang, and W.W. Wang, Method for Preparing High-strength and High-conductivity Dispersion Strengthened Copper, Chinese Patent, Appl. 20130761973.0, 2013.
H. Ferkel, Properties of copper reinforced by laser-generated Al2O3-nanoparticles, Nanostruct. Mater., 11(1999), No. 5, p. 595.
M. Besterci and J. Ivan, The mechanism of the failure of the dispersion-strengthened Cu-Al2O3 system, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 17(1998), No. 9, p. 773.
D.W. Lee, G.H. Ha, and B.K. Kim, Synthesis of Cu-Al2O3 nano composite powder, Scripta Mater., 44(2001), No. 8-9, p. 2137.
J.R. Laguna-Camacho, G. Juárez-Morales, C. Calderón- Ramón, V. Velázquez-Martínez, I. Hernández-Romero, J.V. Méndez, and M. Vite-Torres, A study of the wear mechanisms of disk and shoe brake pads, Eng. Failure Anal., 56(2015), p. 348.
M. Eriksson, F. Bergman, and S. Jacobson, Surface characterisation of brake pads after running under silent and squealing conditions, Wear, 232(1999), No. 2, p. 163.
D.J. Kim, Y.M. Lee, J.S. Park, and C.S. Seok, Thermal stress analysis for a disk brake of railway vehicles with consideration of the pressure distribution on a frictional surface, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 483-484(2008), p. 456.
M.M. Morshed and A.S.M.A Haseeb, Physical and chemical characteristics of commercially available brake shoe lining materials: a comparative study, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 155-156(2004), p. 1422.
H. So, D.S. Yu, and C.Y. Chuang, Formation and wear mechanism of tribo-oxides and the regime of oxidational wear of steel, Wear, 253(2002), No. 9-10, p. 1004.
K.W. Liew and U. Nirmal, Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad materials, Mater. Des., 48(2013), p. 25.
W. Österle, C. Deutsch, T. Gradt, G. Orts-Gil, T. Schneider, and A.I. Dmitriev, Tribological screening tests for the selection of raw materials for automotive brake pad formulations, Tribol. Int., 73(2014), p. 148.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, X., Guo, Lc., Zhang, L. et al. Influence of nano-Al2O3-reinforced oxide-dispersion-strengthened Cu on the mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-based composites. Int J Miner Metall Mater 23, 1444–1451 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-016-1368-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-016-1368-z