Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity, Dietary Factors, Nutrition, and Breast Cancer Risk

  • Psycho-Oncology and Supportive Care (E Shinn and C Fagundes, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Breast Cancer Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To synthesize the critical role of obesity-associated inflammation, dietary factors, and nutrition in determining breast cancer risk.

Recent Findings

Obesity-associated inflammation is strongly linked to breast cancer risk and progression, largely via two processes: inflammatory pathways and dysregulated metabolism. Cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, which favors tumor development. Lifestyle factors, including diet, have long been recognized as important determinants of breast cancer risk and mortality.

Summary

Obesity increases the risk of developing breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women and also negatively affects breast cancer recurrence and survival. Poor dietary habits characterized by the high intake of refined starches, sugar, and both saturated and trans-saturated fats, as well as the low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, natural antioxidants, and fiber, modulate inflammation and, thereby, appear to be linked to increased risk of breast cancer and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Cancer Society: Cancer facts & figures 2017. 2017.

  2. Kuchenbaecker KB, Neuhausen SL, Robson M, Barrowdale D, McGuffog L, Mulligan AM, et al. Associations of common breast cancer susceptibility alleles with risk of breast cancer subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res. 2014;16:3416.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Galbete C, Hoffmann G. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(10) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101063.

  4. Rudolph A, Chang-Claude J, Schmidt MK. Gene–environment interaction and risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2016;114:125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, Meng X, Ioannidis JPA. Nature, nurture, and cancer risks: genetic and nutritional contributions to cancer. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37(1):293–320. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult obesity facts. Atlanta: CDC; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  7. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Overweight and obesity. Bethesda: NIH; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jarolimova J, Tagoni J, Stern TA. Obesity: its epidemiology, comorbidities, and management. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013;15(5):PCC.12f01475.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity, 2017.

  10. Dobbins M, Decorby K, Choi BC. The association between obesity and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies from 1985 to 2011. ISRN Prev Med. 2013;2013:680536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ligibel JA, Alfano CM, Courneya KS, Wendy D-W, Burger Robert A, Chlebowski Rowan T, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology position statement on obesity and cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(31):3568–74. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.4680.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):763–78. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Patel AV, Hildebrand JS, Gapstur SM. Body mass index and all-cause mortality in a large prospective cohort of white and black U.S. adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. McDonnell DP, Park S, Goulet MT, Jasper J, Wardell SE, Chang CY, et al. Obesity, cholesterol metabolism, and breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2014;74(18):4976–82. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1756.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Matthews SB, Thompson HJ. The obesity-breast cancer conundrum: an analysis of the issues. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6):989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060989.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Go Y, Chung M, Park Y. Dietary patterns for women with triple-negative breast cancer and dense breasts. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(8):1281–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1225102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Eliassen AH, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;296(2):193–201. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.2.193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Biganzoli E, Desmedt C, Fornili M, de Azambuja E, Cornez N, Ries F, et al. Recurrence dynamics of breast cancer according to baseline body mass index. Eur J Cancer. 2017;87:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.10.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chan DS, Vieira AR, Aune D, Bandera EV, Greenwood DC, McTiernan A, et al. Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(10):1901–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Dowsett M, Folkerd E. Reduced progesterone levels explain the reduced risk of breast cancer in obese premenopausal women: a new hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;149(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3211-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nichols HB, Anderson C, White AJ, Milne GL, Sandler DP. Oxidative stress and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2017;28(5):667–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cleary MP, Grossmann ME. Obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection. Endocrinology. 2009;150(6):2537–42. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Simpson ER, Misso M, Hewitt KN, Hill RA, Boon WC, Jones ME, et al. Estrogen—the good, the bad, and the unexpected. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(3):322–30. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2004-0020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bradshaw PT, Stevens J, Khankari N, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Gammon MD. Cardiovascular disease mortality among breast cancer survivors. Epidemiology. 2016;27(1):6–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000394.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Haque R, Prout M, Geiger AM, Kamineni A, Thwin SS, Avila C, et al. Comorbidities and cardiovascular disease risk in older breast cancer survivors. Am J Manag Care. 2014;20(1):86–92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Pfeiler G. Systemic treatment in premenopausal patients with breast cancer. Breast Care. 2015;10(5):305–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Helyer LK, Varnic M, Le LW, Leong W, McCready D. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Breast J. 2010;16(1):48–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00855.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McCarthy CM, Mehrara BJ, Riedel E, Davidge K, Hinson A, Disa JJ, et al. Predicting complications following expander/implant breast reconstruction: an outcomes analysis based on preoperative clinical risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(6):1886–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817151c4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kruk J. Overweight, obesity, oxidative stress and the risk of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(22):9579–86. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.22.9579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Baek AE, Yu YA, He S, Wardell SE, Chang CY, Kwon S, et al. The cholesterol metabolite 27 hydroxycholesterol facilitates breast cancer metastasis through its actions on immune cells. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):864. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00910-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Gilbert CA, Slingerland JM. Cytokines, obesity, and cancer: new insights on mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk and progression. Annu Rev Med. 2013;64(1):45–57. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-121211-091527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49(11):1603–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Cole SW, Nagaraja AS, Lutgendorf SK, Green PA, Sood AK. Sympathetic nervous system regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(9):563–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3978.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, Thuwajit C, Hermoso MA. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:149185.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Asegaonkar SB, Asegaonkar BN, Takalkar UV, Advani S, Thorat AP. C-reactive protein and breast cancer: new insights from old molecule. Int J Breast Cancer. 2015;2015:145647.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Grimm C, Kantelhardt E, Heinze G, Polterauer S, Zeillinger R, Kolbl H, et al. The prognostic value of four interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms in Caucasian women with breast cancer: a multicenter study. BMC Cancer. 2009;9(1):78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-9-78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Esquivel-Velázquez M, Ostoa-Saloma P, Palacios-Arreola MI, Nava-Castro KE, Castro JI, Morales-Montor J. The role of cytokines in breast cancer development and progression. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2015;35(1):1–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Tobias DK, Akinkuolie AO, Chandler PD, Lawler PR, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al. Markers of inflammation and incident breast cancer risk in the women’s health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx250.

  40. Wang J, Lee IM, Tworoger SS, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Rosner B, et al. Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of breast cancer in two prospective studies and a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2015;24(8):1199–206. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Castro AM, Macedo-de la Concha LE, Pantoja-Meléndez CA. Low-grade inflammation and its relation to obesity and chronic degenerative diseases. Rev Méd Hosp Gen Méx. 2017;80(2):101–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hgmx.2016.06.011.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dias JA, Fredrikson GN, Ericson U, Gullberg B, Hedblad B, Engstrom G, et al. Low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress and risk of invasive post-menopausal breast cancer—a nested case-control study from the Malmo diet and cancer cohort. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158959.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ye J. Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes. 2009;33(1):54–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Johnson AR, Milner JJ, Makowski L. The inflammation highway: metabolism accelerates inflammatory traffic in obesity. Immunol Rev. 2012;249(1):218–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01151.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Lumeng CN, DelProposto JB, Westcott DJ, Saltiel AR. Phenotypic switching of adipose tissue macrophages with obesity is generated by spatiotemporal differences in macrophage subtypes. Diabetes. 2008;57(12):3239–46. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Vaysse C, Lomo J, Garred O, Fjeldheim F, Lofteroed T, Schlichting E, et al. Inflammation of mammary adipose tissue occurs in overweight and obese patients exhibiting early-stage breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017;3(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-017-0015-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. Angiogenesis, adipokines and breast cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2009;20(3):193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.05.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lago F, Dieguez C, Gomez-Reino J, Gualillo O. Adipokines as emerging mediators of immune response and inflammation. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3(12):716–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lumeng CN, Saltiel AR. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2111–7. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI57132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Shai I, Jiang R, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Ethnicity, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a 20-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1585–90. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Tabassum I, Mahmood H, Faheem M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for female breast cancer in the population of Northern Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(7):3255–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nieto-Vazquez I, Fernandez-Veledo S, Kramer DK, Vila-Bedmar R, Garcia-Guerra L, Lorenzo M. Insulin resistance associated to obesity: the link TNF-alpha. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2008;114(3):183–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813450802181047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Greenberg AS, Nordan RP, McIntosh J, Calvo JC, Scow RO, Jablons D. Interleukin 6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a possible role for interleukin 6 in cancer cachexia. Cancer Res. 1992;52(15):4113–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ferroni P, Riondino S, Buonomo O, Palmirotta R, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Type 2 diabetes and breast cancer: the interplay between impaired glucose metabolism and oxidant stress. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:183928.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Padgett DA, Glaser R. How stress influences the immune response. Trends Immunol. 2003;24(8):444–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dallman MF. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21(3):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2009.10.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5(3):243–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dhabhar FS. Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunol Res. 2014;58(2–3):193–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Block JP, He Y, Zaslavsky AM, Ding L, Ayanian JZ. Psychosocial stress and change in weight among US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(2):181–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sinha R, Jastreboff AM. Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(9):827–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Bergmann N, Gyntelberg F, Faber J. The appraisal of chronic stress and the development of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Endocr Connect. 2014;3(2):R55–80. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Gallo LC, Kuller LH. Marital quality and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in women. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(9):1022–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.9.1022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(5–6):231–7. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.001180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(6):853–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200011000-00016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Habash DL, Fagundes CP, Andridge R, Peng J, Malarkey WB, et al. Daily stressors, past depression, and metabolic responses to high-fat meals: a novel path to obesity. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(7):653–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Slavich GM, Irwin MR. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(3):774–815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035302.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, Stijnen T, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress, food, and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition at the cutting edge. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(4):365–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181dbf489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Macon M, Sumis A, Yu W, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Abstract LB-316: social isolation alters abdominal and mammary adipocytes to potentially increase mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Res. 2016;76(14 Supplement):LB-316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research. Cancer preventability estimates. Washington DC: AICR; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Grosso G, Bella F, Godos J, Sciacca S, Del Rio D, Ray S, et al. Possible role of diet in cancer: systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(6):405–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Belardi V, Gallagher EJ, Novosyadlyy R, LeRoith D. Insulin and IGFs in obesity-related breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2013;18(3–4):277–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-013-9303-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A, et al. Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):266s–73s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rose DP, Vona-Davis L. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which insulin influences breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012;19(6):R225–41. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-12-0203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mullie P, Koechlin A, Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P. Relation between breast cancer and high glycemic index or glycemic load: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(1):152–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.718723.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Dong JY, Qin LQ. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;126(2):287–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1343-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Sieri S, Agnoli C, Pala V, Grioni S, Brighenti F, Pellegrini N, et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and cancer risk: results from the EPIC-Italy study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9757. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09498-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Champ CE, Volek JS, Siglin J, Jin L, Simone NL. Weight gain, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer recurrence: are dietary recommendations supported by the data? Int J Breast Cancer. 2012;2012:506868.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JAE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from two prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):555–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Taylor EF, Burley VJ, Greenwood DC, Cade JE. Meat consumption and risk of breast cancer in the UK women’s cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(7):1139–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Fu Z, Deming SL, Fair AM, Shrubsole MJ, Wujcik DM, Shu X-O, et al. Well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen exposures in relation to breast cancer risk: the Nashville Breast Health Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;129(3):919–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Inoue-Choi M, Sinha R, Gierach GL, Ward MH. Red and processed meat, nitrite, and heme iron intakes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(7):1609–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee H-J, Wu K, Cox DG, Hunter D, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Sinha R, Cho E. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing genes, intakes of heterocyclic amines and red meat, and postmenopausal breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2013;65(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.824991.

  84. Sieri S, Chiodini P, Agnoli C, Pala V, Berrino F, Trichopoulou A, et al. Dietary fat intake and development of specific breast cancer subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(5) https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju068.

  85. Xia H, Ma S, Wang S, Sun G. Meta-analysis of saturated fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk. Medicine. 2015;94(52):e2391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Playdon MC, Ziegler RG, Sampson JN, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Thompson HJ, Irwin ML, et al. Nutritional metabolomics and breast cancer risk in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):637–49. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.150912.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(6):335–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chajes V, Thiebaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(11):1312–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn069.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Wang J, John EM, Horn-Ross PL, Ingles SA. Dietary fat, cooking fat, and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(4):492–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580801956485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lachenmeier DW, Przybylski MC, Rehm J. Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):E995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(3):580–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Romieu I, Scoccianti C, Chajes V, de Batlle J, Biessy C, Dossus L, et al. Alcohol intake and breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(8):1921–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lowry SJ, Kapphahn K, Chlebowski R, Li CI. Alcohol use and breast cancer survival among participants in the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2016;25(8):1268–73. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Lachenmeier DW, Rehm J. Moderate red wine drinking does not help cut women’s breast cancer risk. J Women's Health. 2012;21(4):469–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:539426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Azrad M, Turgeon C, Demark-Wahnefried W. Current evidence linking polyunsaturated fatty acids with cancer risk and progression. Front Oncol. 2013;3:224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Bagga D, Capone S, Wang HJ, Heber D, Lill M, Chap L, et al. Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(15):1123–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.15.1123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Fay MP, Freedman LS, Clifford CK, Midthune DN. Effect of different types and amounts of fat on the development of mammary tumors in rodents: a review. Cancer Res. 1997;57(18):3979–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kiyabu GY, Inoue M, Saito E, Abe SK, Sawada N, Ishihara J, et al. Fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and breast cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(12):2915–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29672.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Abdelmagid SA, MacKinnon JL, Janssen SM, Ma DW. Role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and exercise in breast cancer prevention: identifying common targets. Nutr Metab Insights. 2016;9:71–84. https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S39043.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(2):140–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Michaeli B, Berger MM, Revelly JP, Tappy L, Chiolero R. Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(1):70–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2006.06.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ju-Sheng Zheng, Xiao-Jie Hu, Yi-Min Zhao, Jing Yang, Duo Li. Intake of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of data from 21 independent prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;346.

  104. Zhihui W, Weihua Y, Zupei W, Jinlin H. Fish consumption and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of 27 observational studies. Nutr Hosp. 2016;33(3):282. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Chen G-C, Yang J, Eggersdorfer M, Zhang W, Qin L-Q. N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of all-cause mortality among general populations: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:28165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Epel ES, Belury MA, Andridge R, Lin J, Glaser R, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, and leukocyte telomere length: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;28:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hirko KA, Chai B, Spiegelman D, Campos H, Farvid MS, Hankinson SE, et al. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Int J Cancer. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31133.

  108. Khankari NK, Bradshaw PT, Steck SE, He K, Olshan AF, Shen J, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid interactions and breast cancer incidence: a population-based case-control study on Long Island, New York. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(12):929–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Mediterranean dietary pattern, inflammation and endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(9):929–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.03.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. He J, Gu Y, Zhang S. Consumption of vegetables and fruits and breast cancer survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):599. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00635-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):1029–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw319.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Narita S, Inoue M, Saito E, Abe SK, Sawada N, Ishihara J, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Causes Control. 2017;28(6):569–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0881-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Anderson C, Harrigan M, George SM, Ferrucci LM, Sanft T, Irwin ML, et al. Changes in diet quality in a randomized weight loss trial in breast cancer survivors: the lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2016;2(1):16026. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjbcancer.2016.26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Fu JH, Cheng SZ, Lin FY. Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(1):181–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Griffiths K, Aggarwal BB, Singh RB, Buttar HS, Wilson D, De Meester F. Food antioxidants and their anti-inflammatory properties: a potential role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer prevention. Diseases. 2016;4(3) https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4030028.

  116. Bakker MF, Peeters PH, Klaasen VM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jansen EH, Ros MM, et al. Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):454–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Eliassen AH, Hendrickson SJ, Brinton LA, Buring JE, Campos H, Dai Q, et al. Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(24):1905–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Egnell M, Fassier P, Lecuyer L, Zelek L, Vasson MP, Hercberg S, Latino-Martel P, Galan P, Deschasaux M, Touvier M. B-vitamin intake from diet and supplements and breast cancer risk in middle-aged women: results from the prospective NutriNet-Sante cohort. Nutrients. 2017;9(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050488.

  120. Shao T, Klein P, Grossbard ML. Vitamin D and breast cancer. Oncologist. 2012;17(1):36–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Hines SL, Jorn HK, Thompson KM, Larson JM. Breast cancer survivors and vitamin D: a review. Nutrition. 2010;26(3):255–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hardman WE. Walnuts have potential for cancer prevention and treatment in mice. J Nutr. 2014;144(4):555S–60S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.188466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Gonzalez CA, Salas-Salvado J. The potential of nuts in the prevention of cancer. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(Suppl 2):S87–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/BJN20061868.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Anderson GL, Thomson CA, Manson JE, Simon MS, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and breast cancer mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(25):2919–26. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Zuniga KE, Mackenzie MJ, Roberts SA, Raine LB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, et al. Relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and interference control in breast cancer survivors. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(4):1555–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0973-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Zang J, Shen M, Du S, Chen T, Zou S. The association between dairy intake and breast cancer in western and Asian populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Breast Cancer. 2015;18(4):313–22. https://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2015.18.4.313.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Hoffmann G, Schwingshackl L. Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil reduces the incidence of invasive breast cancer in a randomised controlled trial. Evid Based Med. 2016;21(2):72. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2015-110366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mourouti N, Panagiotakos DB. The beneficial effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil in the primary prevention of breast cancer among women at high cardiovascular risk in the PREDIMED trial. Evid Based Nurs. 2016;19(3):71. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2016-102303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Skouroliakou M, Grosomanidis D, Massara P, Kostara C, Papandreou P, Ntountaniotis D, et al. Serum antioxidant capacity, biochemical profile and body composition of breast cancer survivors in a randomized Mediterranean dietary intervention study. Eur J Nutr. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1489-9.

  131. Tabung FK, Steck SE, Liese AD, Zhang J, Ma Y, Johnson KC, et al. Patterns of change over time and history of the inflammatory potential of diet and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;159(1):139–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3925-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Shivappa N, Sandin S, Lof M, Hebert JR, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Prospective study of dietary inflammatory index and risk of breast cancer in Swedish women. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(7):1099–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Ghissassi FE, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1599–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kotepui M. Diet and risk of breast cancer. Contemp Oncol. 2016;20(1):13–9.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Cowen S, McLaughlin SL, Hobbs G, Coad J, Martin KH, Olfert IM, et al. High-fat, high-calorie diet enhances mammary carcinogenesis and local inflammation in MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7(3):1125–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7030828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Manson JE, et al. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(4):1029–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Hebert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1689–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tabung FK, Steck SE, Liese AD, Zhang J, Ma Y, Caan B, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory potential and breast cancer incidence and death: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(11):1277–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Milner JA. Molecular targets for bioactive food components. J Nutr. 2004;134(9):2492s–8s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Calder PC, Albers R, Antoine JM, Blum S, Bourdet-Sicard R, Ferns GA, et al. Inflammatory disease processes and interactions with nutrition. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(Suppl 1):S1–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):11–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, Ballmer P, Biolo G, Bischoff SC, et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):49–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, Calder PC, Deutz NEP, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1187–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Pekmezi DW, Demark-Wahnefried W. Updated evidence in support of diet and exercise interventions in cancer survivors. Acta Oncol. 2011;50(2):167–78. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2010.529822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Aoyagi T, Terracina KP, Raza A, Matsubara H, Takabe K. Cancer cachexia, mechanism and treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;7(4):17–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Blackburn GL, Wang KA. Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: results from the Women’s Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS). Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(3):s878–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Parry BM, Milne JM, Yadegarfar G, Rainsbury RM. Dramatic dietary fat reduction is feasible for breast cancer patients: results of the randomised study, WINS (UK)—stage 1. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37(10):848–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.07.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Halfdanarson TR, Thordardottir E, West CP, Jatoi A. Does dietary counseling improve quality of life in cancer patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Support Oncol. 2008;6(5):234–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Colomer R, Moreno-Nogueira JM, Garcia-Luna PP, Garcia-Peris P, Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Zarazaga A, et al. N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(5):823–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450765795X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Alfano CM, Imayama I, Neuhouser ML, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Smith AW, Meeske K, et al. Fatigue, inflammation, and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake among breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(12):1280–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Shapira N. The potential contribution of dietary factors to breast cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2017;26(5):385–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. George SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Shikany JM, Caan BJ, Freudenheim JL, Kroenke CH, et al. Better postdiagnosis diet quality is associated with reduced risk of death among postmenopausal women with invasive breast cancer in the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2014;23(4):575–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Vrieling A, Buck K, Seibold P, Heinz J, Obi N, Flesch-Janys D, et al. Dietary patterns and survival in German postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(1):188–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Kwan ML, Weltzien E, Kushi LH, Castillo A, Slattery ML, Caan BJ. Dietary patterns and breast cancer recurrence and survival among women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):919–26. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.4035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Finocchiaro C, Ossola M, Monge T, Fadda M, Brossa L, Caudera V, et al. Effect of specific educational program on dietary change and weight loss in breast-cancer survivors. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(4):864–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Adolescent meat intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(8):1909–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Bertrand KA, Burian RA, Eliassen AH, Willett WC, Tamimi RM. Adolescent intake of animal fat and red meat in relation to premenopausal mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;155(2):385–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3679-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Yaghjyan L, Ghita GL, Rosner B, Farvid M, Bertrand KA, Tamimi RM. Adolescent fiber intake and mammographic breast density in premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-016-0747-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Harris HR, Willett WC, Vaidya RL, Michels KB. An adolescent and early adulthood dietary pattern associated with inflammation and the incidence of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2017;77(5):1179–87. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Arikawa AY, Kaufman BC, Raatz SK, Kurzer MS. Effects of a parallel-arm randomized controlled weight loss pilot study on biological and psychosocial parameters of overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2017;4:17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson B, McBride C, Lipkus I, Clipp E. Current health behaviors and readiness to pursue life-style changes among men and women diagnosed with early stage prostate and breast carcinomas. Cancer. 2000;88(3):674–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<674::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-R.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Zhang FF, Liu S, John EM, Must A, Demark-Wahnefried W. Diet quality of cancer survivors and noncancer individuals: results from a national survey. Cancer. 2015;121(23):4212–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Klassen AC, Smith KC, Shuster M, Coa KI, Caulfield LE, Helzlsouer KJ, Peairs KS, Shockney LD, Stoney D, Hannum S. We’re just not prepared for eating over our whole life”: a mixed methods approach to understanding dietary behaviors among longer term cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther. 2017. p. 1534735417731515.

  164. Braakhuis A, Campion P, Bishop K. The effects of dietary nutrition education on weight and health biomarkers in breast cancer survivors. Med Sci (Basel). 2017;5(2)

  165. Christifano DN, Fazzino TL, Sullivan DK, Befort CA. Diet quality of breast cancer survivors after a six-month weight management intervention: improvements and association with weight loss. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(8):1301–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1224368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Delgado-Cruzata L, Zhang W, McDonald JA, Tsai WY, Valdovinos C, Falci L, et al. Dietary modifications, weight loss, and changes in metabolic markers affect global DNA methylation in Hispanic, African American, and Afro-Caribbean breast cancer survivors. J Nutr. 2015;145(4):783–90. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.202853.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Harrigan M, Cartmel B, Loftfield E, Sanft T, Chagpar AB, Zhou Y, et al. Randomized trial comparing telephone versus in-person weight loss counseling on body composition and circulating biomarkers in women treated for breast cancer: the lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(7):669–76. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Hamer J, Warner E. Lifestyle modifications for patients with breast cancer to improve prognosis and optimize overall health. CMAJ. 2017;189(7):E268–e274. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160464.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):30–67. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Campbell KL, Foster-Schubert KE, Alfano CM, Wang CC, Wang CY, Duggan CR, et al. Reduced-calorie dietary weight loss, exercise, and sex hormones in postmenopausal women: randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(19):2314–26. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.9792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  171. Jackson SE, Heinrich M, Beeken RJ, Wardle J. Weight loss and mortality in overweight and obese cancer survivors: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. WCRF. World Cancer Research Fund International. Continuous update project (Cup). 2017.

  173. Norat T, Scoccianti C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Anderson A, Berrino F, Cecchini M, et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: diet and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015;39(Suppl 1):S56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Cottet V, Touvier M, Fournier A, Touillaud MS, Lafay L, Clavel-Chapelon F, et al. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk and dietary patterns in the E3N-EPIC prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(10):1257–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Breast Cancer 2017, NCCN.

Download references

Funding

Annina Seiler received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (P2FRP1-168479).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Haldenbachstrasse 18, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

    Annina Seiler

  2. Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Michelle A. Chen, Ryan L. Brown & Christopher P. Fagundes

  3. Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Christopher P. Fagundes

Authors
  1. Annina Seiler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michelle A. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ryan L. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christopher P. Fagundes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annina Seiler.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interests to declare

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Psycho-Oncology and Supportive Care

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Seiler, A., Chen, M.A., Brown, R.L. et al. Obesity, Dietary Factors, Nutrition, and Breast Cancer Risk. Curr Breast Cancer Rep 10, 14–27 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-018-0264-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-018-0264-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation