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Multi-Enzyme Supplementation to Diets Containing 2 Protein Levels Affects Intramuscular Fat Content in Muscle and Modulates Cecal Microflora Without Affecting the Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs

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Abstract

We investigated the effects of crude protein (CP) levels and exogenous enzymes on growth performance, meat quality, toxic gas emissions, and colonic microbiota community in 200 finishing pigs. Four groups corresponded to 4 diets: 16.74% CP (high-protein level, HP) and 14.73% CP (medium protein level, MP) diet supplemented with or without 1-g/kg multi-enzymes (ENZs, including 1000-U/kg protease, 2500-U/kg α-amylase, and 10,000-U/kg β-glucanase), using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After 7 weeks of trial, ENZs supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) of finishing pigs during weeks 4 to 7 and in the overall period and improved gross energy utilization. Dietary HP improved (P < 0.05) ADG during the overall period. The MP diet-treated pigs had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the longissimus dorsi muscle (P < 0.01). ENZs supplementation to the MP diets lowered muscle IMF content (P < 0.01). Additionally, pigs fed the HP diet released (P < 0.05) more NH3 and H2S in excrement. The HP diet enhanced (P < 0.05) intestinal microbial richness, represented by higher observed_ amplicon sequence variants and Chao1. Administration of ENZs to the HP diet increased (P < 0.05) the Shannon and Pielou’s evenness. Dietary MP promoted Firmicutes proliferation. Supplementary HP diet increased the relative abundances of Spirochaetota, Verrucomicrobiota, Desulfobacterota, and Fibrobacterota (P < 0.05). Supplemental ENZ elevated (P < 0.05) Actinobacteriota and Desulfobacterota abundances. ENZ supplementation to the HP diet increased the abundances of Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota, and Proteobacteria but lowered their abundances in the MP diet. Taken together, the HP diet or ENZs’ supplements improved growth performance. Although the interaction between CP levels and ENZs had no effect on growth performance, it modulated colonic flora and muscle IMF content.

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The raw sequencing files (.fastq) have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (BioProject PRJNA889218).

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Capacity Enhancement Project through Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (grant no. 2019R1A6C1010033), and the Department of Animal Resource & Science was supported through the Research-Focused Department Promotion & Interdisciplinary Convergence Research Projects as a part of the University Innovation Support Program for Dankook University in 2022.

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  1. Qianqian Zhang and Sungbo Cho contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea

    Qianqian Zhang, Sungbo Cho, Junho Song & In Ho Kim

  2. Department of Bioconvergence Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, Republic of Korea

    Jinuk Jeong, Minjae Yu & Kyudong Han

  3. Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea

    Seyoung Mun & Kyudong Han

  4. Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea

    Minjae Yu, Seyoung Mun & Kyudong Han

  5. HuNbiome Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Seoul, 08507, Republic of Korea

    Kyudong Han

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Contributions

QZ: Data Curation, Writing—Original Draft; SC: Writing—Review & Editing; JS: Formal analysis; JJ, Investigation; MY, Supervision; MS: Conceptualization; KH: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—Review & Editing; IK: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing—Review & Editing.

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Zhang, Q., Cho, S., Song, J. et al. Multi-Enzyme Supplementation to Diets Containing 2 Protein Levels Affects Intramuscular Fat Content in Muscle and Modulates Cecal Microflora Without Affecting the Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10169-0

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