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Effects of Probiotic Enterococcus faecium from Yak on the Intestinal Microflora and Metabolomics of Mice with Salmonella Infection

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Abstract

Salmonella spp. are pathogenic bacteria that cause diarrhea, abortion, and death in yak and severely harm livestock breeding. Therefore, it is vital to identify a probiotic that effectively antagonizes Salmonella. To the best of our knowledge, few prior studies have investigated the efficacy of Enterococcus faecium against Salmonella. Here, we evaluated the enteroprotective mechanism of E. faecium in a mouse Salmonella infection model using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) technology, microbial diversity sequencing, and metabonomics. Enterococcus faecium inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and promoted the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio and the abundances of Firmicutes and Akkermansia were significantly higher in the E. faecium than in the Salmonella group. Metabonomics and microbial diversity sequencing disclosed five different metabolites with variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 3 that were characteristic of both the Salmonella and E. faecium groups. Combined omics revealed that Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were negatively and positively correlated, respectively, with cholic acid, while Desulfovibrio was positively correlated with lipids in both the control and Salmonella groups. Desulfovibrio was also positively correlated with lipids in both the Salmonella and E. faecium groups. Enterococcus faecium antagonizes Salmonella by normalizing the abundance of the intestinal microorganisms and modulating their metabolic pathways. Hence, it may efficaciously protect the host intestine against Salmonella infection.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (No. 22NSFSC3161), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32202871), and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project of Southwest Minzu University (No. 320022230051).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Xuan Ran, Xianhui Li, Xueer Xie, Jiangying Lei, Falong Yang & Dechun Chen

  2. Key Laboratory of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest University for Nationalities), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Falong Yang & Dechun Chen

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  1. Xuan Ran
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  2. Xianhui Li
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Xuan Ran and Xueer Xie summarized and analyzed the experimental data and wrote the manuscript. Xianhui Li and Jiangyin Lei generated the experimental data. Dechun Chen supervised the progress of the experiments and guided the writing of the manuscript. Falong Yang reviewed the manuscript.

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Ran, X., Li, X., Xie, X. et al. Effects of Probiotic Enterococcus faecium from Yak on the Intestinal Microflora and Metabolomics of Mice with Salmonella Infection. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10102-5

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