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Probiotic Potential of the Farmed Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Autochthonous Gut Microbiota

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Abstract

In recent years, considerable and growing attention has been given to the application of host-associated microorganisms as a more suitable source of probiotics in aquaculture sector. Herein, we isolated and screened the olive flounder gut microbiota for beneficial bacterial strains that might serve as potential probiotics in a low fishmeal extruded aquafeed. Among the ten identified isolates, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK4079 and B. subtilis SK4082 were screened out based on their heat-resistant ability as well as enzymatic and non-hemolytic activities. Although both strains were well able to utilize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xylan, and soybean meal (SBM) as a single carbon source in the minimal nutrient M9 medium, B. subtilis exhibited significantly higher cellulase, xylanase, and protease activities than B. amyloliquefaciens. The two selected strains were well able to degrade the undesirable anti-nutritional component of the SBM, which would limit its utilization as protein source in aquafeed industry. Significantly higher biofilm formation capacity and notably stronger adhesive interactions with the flounder’s skin mucus were detected in B. subtilis than B. amyloliquefaciens. Immobilization of the spores from the selected strains, in a SBM complex carrier, remarkably enhances their thermal resistance at 120 °C for 5 min and different drying conditions. It was also interesting to learn that the B. subtilis spores could survive and remain viable after being sprayed onto extruded low-fish meal feed pellets for as long as 6 months. Overall, the findings of the present study could help the food/feed industries achieve their goal of developing cost-effective yet efficient products.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CM medium:

Casein-mannitol

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

EP:

Extruded feed pellet

FM:

Fish meal

KCCM:

Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms

KFCC:

Korean Federation of Culture Collection

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SBM:

Soybean meal

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

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Funding

This study was financially supported by a grant from the National Institute of Fisheries Science (Project No. R2020014) and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No.2018R1A6A1A03023584), and Planned project of Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (20171BEI90002).

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Author notes

  1. Kai-Min Niu and Damini Kothari are the co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China

    Kai-Min Niu, Zhihong Zhang & Xin Wu

  2. Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea

    Kai-Min Niu, Damini Kothari, Woo-Do Lee & Soo-Ki Kim

  3. Aquafeed Research Center, NIFS, Pohang, 37517, Republic of Korea

    Bong-Joo Lee & Kang-Woong Kim

  4. Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China

    Kai-Min Niu & Xin Wu

  5. Faculty of Marine Applied Bioscience, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea

    Hyon-Sob Han

  6. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, Republic of Korea

    Sanaz Khosravi & Sang-Min Lee

  7. East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung, Gangneung, 25457, Republic of Korea

    Sanaz Khosravi

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Niu, KM., Kothari, D., Lee, WD. et al. Probiotic Potential of the Farmed Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Autochthonous Gut Microbiota. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. 13, 1106–1118 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09762-y

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