Abstract
A two–year field trial (2018–2020) was conducted in Central Greece to evaluate the integration of increased seeding rates, mechanical weed control and herbicide application for weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was arranged in a two–factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The seeding rates of 180 kg ha–1 (recommended) and 270 kg ha–1 (1.5 × recommended) were assigned to the main plots. Five weed control treatments were assigned to the subplots: pre–emergence shallow tillage (ST PRE), ST PRE followed by interrow cultivation (ST PRE fb IC POST), pre–emergence application of aclonifen at 2400 g a. i. ha–1 (AFN PRE) and AFN PRE followed by quizalofop–p–ethyl at 70 g a. i. ha–1 as post–emergence (AFN PRE fb QZP POST). An untreated control was also included. The 1.5–fold increase in seeding rate reduced total weed density and total weed dry weight by 30 and 32%, respectively, and increased seed yield by 24%. ST PRE reduced total weed density and total weed dry weight compared to the untreated control. In comparison to ST PRE, ST PRE fb IC POST reduced total weed density (47–49%) and total weed dry weight (51–52%), and increased seed yield by 24%. ST PRE fb IC POST resulted in similar weed dry weight and seed yield as AFN PRE. AFN PRE fb QZP POST resulted in the lowest weed density and weed dry weight and consequently the highest seed yield. Seed yield was negatively correlated with total weed density (R2 = 0.869–0.859) and total weed dry weight (R2 = 0.895–0.929). Further research is needed to evaluate the integration of cultural practices with mechanical weed control and herbicide application for weed management in chickpea and other legumes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alba, O. S., Syrovy, L. D., Duddu, H. S., & Shirtliffe, S. J. (2020). Increased seeding rate and multiple methods of mechanical weed control reduce weed biomass in a poorly competitive organic crop. Field Crops Research, 245, 107648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107648
Arce, G. D., Pedersen, P., & Hartzler, R. G. (2009). Soybean seeding rate effects on weed management. Weed Technology, 23(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-08-060.1
Balyan, R. S., Malik, R. K., Vedwan, R. P. S., & Bhan, V. M. (1987). Chemical weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Pest Management, 33(1), 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670878709371106
Bar-El Dadon, S., Abbo, S., & Reifen, R. (2017). Leveraging traditional crops for better nutrition and health–The case of chickpea. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 64, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.002
Barros, J., Calado, J., Carvalho, M., & Duarte, I. (2018). Effect of different doses and spray volumes of the herbicide aclonifen for pre–emergence weed control in chickpea crop. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 41(2), 432–442. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA17224
Benaragama, D., & Shirtliffe, S. J. (2013). Integrating cultural and mechanical methods for additive weed control in organic systems. Agronomy Journal, 105(6), 1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0007
Blake, R. (2020). Will the European Green Deal make agriculture more sustainable? Outlooks on Pest Management, 31(5), 198–200. https://doi.org/10.1564/v31_oct_01
Boerboom, C. M., & Young, F. L. (1995). Effect of postplant tillage and crop density on broadleaf weed control in dry pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens culinaris). Weed Technology, 9(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00023022
Brandsæter, L. O., Mangerud, K., & Rasmussen, J. (2012). Interactions between pre-and post-emergence weed harrowing in spring cereals. Weed Research, 52(4), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00925.x
Datta, Α, Ullah, Η, Tursun, Ν, Pornprom, Τ, Knezevic, S. Z., & Chauhan, B. S. (2017). Managing weeds using crop competition in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Crop Protection, 95, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.09.005
De Cauwer, B., Delanote, L., Devos, M., De Ryck, S., & Reheul, D. (2021). Optimisation of weed control in organic processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Impacts of cultivar, seeding rate, plant spacing and Integrated Weed Management strategy. Agronomy, 11(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010053
Fang, J., He, Z., Liu, T., Li, J., & Dong, L. (2020). A novel mutation Asp–2078–Glu in ACCase confers resistance to ACCase herbicides in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus–galli). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 168, 104634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104634
Fracchiolla, M., Renna, M., D’Imperio, M., Lasorella, C., Santamaria, P., & Cazzato, E. (2020). Living mulch and organic fertilization to improve weed management, yield and quality of broccoli raab in organic farming. Plants, 9(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020177
Frenda, A. S., Ruisi, P., Saia, S., Frangipane, B., Di Miceli, G., Amato, G., & Giambalvo, D. (2013). The critical period of weed control in faba bean and chickpea in Mediterranean areas. Weed Science, 61(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00137.1
Frias, J., Vidal-Valverde, C., Sotomayor, C., Diaz-Pollan, C., & Urbano, G. (2000). Influence of processing on available carbohydrate content and antinutritional factors of chickpeas. European Food Research and Technology, 210(5), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170050560
Hassanpour-Bourkheili, S., Gherekhloo, J., Kamkar, B., & Ramezanpour, S. S. (2021). Mechanism and pattern of resistance to some ACCase inhibitors in winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne) biotypes collected within canola fields. Crop Protection, 143, 105541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105541
Kanatas, P., Gazoulis, I., Travlos, I., Kakabouki, I., Kioussi, S., & Mpampanioti, E. (2020). The effects of tillage on weed suppressive ability, leaf area, seed yield and protein content of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(2), 871–881. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha48211887
Kanatas, P., Gazoulis, I., & Travlos, I. (2021). Irrigation timing as a practice of effective weed management in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Crop. Agronomy, 11(3), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030550
Khan, I. A., Khan, R., Jan, A., & Shah, S. M. A. (2018). Studies on tolerance of chickpea to some pre and post–emergence herbicides. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 30(9), 725–731. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i9.1804
Kumar, N., Kumar, S., & Sharma, S. (2020). Efficacy of different herbicides on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology, 11(3), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.15515/iaast.0976-4828.11.3.9197
Leblanc, M. L., & Cloutier, D. C. (2001). Susceptibility of row–planted soybean (Glycine max) to the rotary hoe. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 18(4), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v18n04_07
Leblanc, M. L., Cloutier, D. C., & Stewart, K. A. (2006). Rotary hoe cultivation in sweet corn. HortTechnology, 16(4), 583–589. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.16.4.0583
Manalil, S., Coast, O., Werth, J., & Chauhan, B. S. (2017). Weed management in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through weed–crop competition: A review. Crop Protection, 95, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.008
McGiffen, M. E., Masiunas, J. B., & Hesketh, J. D. (1992). Competition for light between tomatoes and nightshades (Solanum nigrum or S. ptycanthum). Weed Science, 40(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004317450005726X
Merga, B., & Alemu, N. (2019). Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5(1), 1620152. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1620152
Mhlanga, B., Chauhan, ΒS., & Thierfelder, C. (2016). Weed management in maize using crop competition: A review. Crop Protection, 88, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.05.008
Mohammadi, G., Javanshir, A., Khooie, F. R., Mohammadi, S. A., & Zehtab Salmasi, S. (2005). Critical period of weed interference in chickpea. Weed Research, 45(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00431.x
Mohammed, Y. A., Miller, Z., Hubbel, K., & Chen, C. (2020). Variety and weed management effects on organic chickpea stand establishment and seed yield. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 3(1), e20035. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20035
Pannacci, E., Graziani, F., & Covarelli, G. (2007). Use of herbicide mixtures for pre and post–emergence weed control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Crop Protection, 26(8), 1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.008
Radicetti, E., Mancinelli, R., & Campiglia, E. (2012a). Combined effect of genotype and inter–row tillage on yield and weed control of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a rainfed Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 127, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.013
Radicetti, E., Mancinelli, R., & Campiglia, E. (2012b). The competitive ability of different chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes against Polygonum aviculare under field conditions. Crop Protection, 42, 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.06.011
Ramakrishna, A., Rupela, O. P., Reddy, S. L. N., & Sivaramakrishna, C. (1992). Promising herbicides for weed control in chickpea. International Journal of Pest Management, 38(4), 398–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879209371735
Rasmussen, J., Mathiasen, H., & Bibby, B. M. (2010). Timing of post–emergence weed harrowing. Weed Research, 50(5), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00799.x
Scavo, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2020). Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy, 10(4), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040466
Singh, K. B. (1997). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research, 53(1–3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00029-4
Stanley, K. A., Shirtliffe, S. J., Benaragama, D., Syrovy, L. D., & Duddu, H. S. (2018). Field pea and lentil tolerance to interrow cultivation. Weed Technology, 32(2), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.90
Travlos, I., Kanatas, P., Tsekoura, A., Gazoulis, I., Papastylianou, P., Kakabouki, I., & Antonopoulos, N. (2020). Efficacy of different herbicides on Echinochloa colona (L.) Link control and the first case of its glyphosate resistance in Greece. Agronomy, 10(7), 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071056
Travlos, I., Tsekoura, A., Antonopoulos, N., Kanatas, P., & Gazoulis, I. (2021). Novel sensor–based method (quick test) for the in–season rapid evaluation of herbicide efficacy under real field conditions in durum wheat. Weed Science, 69(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.8
van der Meulen, A., & Chauhan, B. S. (2017). A review of weed management in wheat using crop competition. Crop Protection, 95, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.004
Whish, J. P. M., Sindel, B. M., Jessop, R. S., & Felton, W. L. (2002). The effect of row spacing and weed density on yield loss of chickpea. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 53(12), 1335–1340. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR01168
Xing, Q., Dekker, S., Kyriakopoulou, K., Boom, R. M., Smid, E. J., & Schutyser, M. A. (2020). Enhanced nutritional value of chickpea protein concentrate by dry separation and solid state fermentation. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 59, 102269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102269
Yadav, R., Bhullar, M. S., Kaur, S., Kaur, T., & Jhala, A. J. (2017). Weed control in conventional soybean with pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr+ imazamox/quizalofop–p–ethyl. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 97(4), 654–664. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2016-0123
Yenish, J. P. (2007). Weed management in chickpea. In S. S. Yadav, R. J. Redden, W. Chen, & B. Sharma (Eds.), Chickpea breeding and management (pp. 233–245). CABI Publishing Series. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845932138.011
Acknowledgements
Part of the results of the present study was based on experiments and methods developed during the implementation of PhD thesis of Dr. Kanatas.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanatas, P.J., Gazoulis, I. The integration of increased seeding rates, mechanical weed control and herbicide application for weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Phytoparasitica 50, 255–267 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00955-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00955-3