Abstract
X-ray reflectivity of single layer coated X-ray mirror is confined to small grazing angles (< 1°) grazing incidence X-ray telescopes usually are bulky and have large focal lengths in trade of effective area which is expensive for a space based telescope. Critical angle for total external reflection of a mirror varies inversely with the energy of the incident photon. This practically limits the possibility of making an X-ray telescope sensitive to higher energy X-rays \(( < 10 \,{\text{keV}}\)). Use of multilayer mirrors makes it possible to operate the instrument at higher angles and also significantly improves the high energy sensitivity (80 keV). Fabricated \(W /B_{4} C\) multilayer mirror provides a peak reflectivity of 19% at first Bragg peak (2.3°) when tested with 8.047 keV X-rays. Multi-wavelength reflectivity analysis of \(W /B_{4} C\) multilayer mirror from 9 to 16 keV is presented with a discussion on applications of multilayer mirrors in high energy astronomy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Bass, Hand Book of Optics, Classical Optics Vision Optics, X-ray Optics. Chapter 30, vol. 3, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill Inc, New York, 1995)
J.E. Koglin et al., NuSTAR Hard X-ray optics, in Proceedings of SPIE 5900-33, (2005)
H.L. Marshall et al., A realistic, inexpensive, soft X-ray polarimeter and the potential scientific return. American Astronomical Society, HEAD Meeting #5, id.16.05; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 32, p. 1206
R. She et al., LAMP: a micro-satellite based soft X-ray polarimeter for astrophysics, in Proceedings of SPIE 9601, UV, X-ray, and Gamma-ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XIX, 96010I (August 24, 2015)
T. Yamazaki, Y. Takizawa, H. Kunieda, K. Yamashita, K. Ikeda, K. Misaki, M. Nakamura, I. Yoshikawa, A. Yamaguchi, Normal incidence multilayer telescope for galactic EUV observation. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 80, 299–302 (1996). doi:10.1016/0368-2048(96)02980-5
I.V. Kozhevnikov et al., High-resolution, high-reflectivity operation of lamellar multilayer amplitude gratings: identification of the single-order regime. Opt. Expr. 18(15), 16234–16242 (2010). doi:10.1364/OE.18.016234
A.G. Michette, Z. Wang, Optimisation of depth-graded multilayer coatings for broadband reflectivity in the soft X-ray and EUV regions. Opt. Commun. 177(1–6), 47–55 (2000)
F.E. Christensen et al., A hard X-ray telescope/concentrator design based on graded period multilayer coatings. Exp. Astron. 6(4), 33–46 (1995)
J.E. Koglin et al., NuSTAR hard x-ray optics design and performance, in Proceedings of SPIE 7437, Optics for EUV, X-ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IV, 74370C (2009/08/31). doi:10.1117/12.826724
C. P. Jensen et al., Investigation of new material combination for hard X-ray telescope design, in Proceedings of SPIE 6266, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to GAMMA ray, 626612 (2006/06/13). doi:10.1117/12.673180
D.L. Windt, IMD-Software for modelling the optical properties of multilayer films. Comput. Phys. 12, 360 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
G. S. Lodha: currently retired.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Panini, S.S., Nayak, M., Shyama Narendranath, K.C. et al. Development of multilayer mirrors for space-based astronomical X-ray optics. J Opt 47, 91–95 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-017-0444-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-017-0444-8