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Comprehensive Study on Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water in Kyoto, Japan, During 2014–2015 Season

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Abstract

Certain enteric viruses that are present in the water environment are potential risk factors of waterborne infections. To better understand the impact of viruses in water, both enteric viruses and their potential indicators should be comparatively investigated. In this study, occurrences of GI- and GII-noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV), rotavirus (RoV), Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enterovirus (EV), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were quantitatively determined in surface water samples in Japan. Additionally, the genotype distribution of GI- and GII-NoVs was determined using a next-generation amplicon sequencing. PMMoV was the most abundant virus regardless of season and location, indicating its usefulness as an indicator for the viral contamination of water. Other potential indicators, AiV and EV, were less abundant than GII-NoV. Viruses other than PMMoV showed seasonality, i.e., EV and other viruses (NoVs, SaV, RoV, and AiV-1) became prevalent during summer and winter, respectively. SaV showed a relatively high abundance at a location that was affected by untreated wastewater. Regarding NoV genotypes, GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 were found from the surface water samples. GII.4 and GII.17 seemed to have contributed to the high abundance of GII-NoV in the samples. Interestingly, GII.17 strains became prevalent in the water samples before becoming prevalent among gastroenteritis patients in Japan. These findings provide further insights into the properties of viruses as contaminants in the water environment.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grant-in-aid for JSPS Fellows (Grant Number: 14J03643) and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers: JP 26820222 and JP 26289182) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan

    Akihiko Hata, Seiya Hanamoto, Masaru Ihara, Yuya Shirasaka, Naoyuki Yamashita & Hiroaki Tanaka

  2. Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan

    Akihiko Hata

  3. Water Quality Research Team, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan

    Seiya Hanamoto

  4. Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan

    Naoyuki Yamashita

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  1. Akihiko Hata
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  2. Seiya Hanamoto
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  3. Masaru Ihara
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Correspondence to Akihiko Hata.

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Hata, A., Hanamoto, S., Ihara, M. et al. Comprehensive Study on Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water in Kyoto, Japan, During 2014–2015 Season. Food Environ Virol 10, 353–364 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-018-9355-3

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