Abstract
In this study, the laser cladding system with an IPG YLS-6000 fiber laser was used, and the WC–Ti6Al4V powder reinforced composite coatings on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy with various bionic structures were innovatively fabricated. The microstructures and surface damage behavior of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the wear resistance of different bionic structures was evaluated, which had not been comprehensively explored in the published literature. The results indicated that the un-melted WC particles in the coatings act as a hard reinforcement, avoiding serious wear of the coating. In addition, the hard coatings exhibit excellent deformation resistance and the soft substrate cushion the shear stress. So when the “Ratio”, which refers to the laser cladding area to sample area, is between 0.25 and 0.3, the sample has the highest wear resistance. Furthermore, the “Dot + Line” bionic structure has the best wear resistance compared with other structures. The separated line units and the addition of dot units can improve the stress concentration state of bionic structure are conducive to release the stress to the substrate under the cladding layer.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.Q. Wang, T.J. Ma, W.Y. Li, G.D. Wen, D.L. Chen, Microstructure and fatigue properties of linear friction welded TC4 titanium alloy joints. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 22(3), 1–5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2016.1212971
Lin YH, Lei YP, Fu HG, Lin J (2015) Mechanical properties and toughening mechanism of TiB2/NiTi reinforced titanium matrix composite coating by laser cladding. Mater. Des. 80: 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.009
T. Debroy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson-Heid, A. De, W. Zhang, Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 92, 112–224 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001
F. Weng, C.Z. Chen, H.J. Yu, Research status of laser cladding on titanium and its alloys: a review. Mater. Des. 58, 412–425 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.077
M. Jones, A.J. Horlock, P.H. Shipway, D.G. McCartney, J.V. Wood, A comparison of the abrasive wear behavior of HVOF sprayed titanium carbide-and titanium boride-based cermet coatings. Wear 251(1–12), 1009–1016 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00702-5
A. Zhecheva, W. Sha, S. Malinov, A. Long, Enhancing the microstructure and properties of titanium alloys through nitriding and other surface engineering methods. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200(7), 2192–2207 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.115
B. Courant, J.J. Hantzpergue, L. Avril, S. Benayoun, Structure and hardness of titanium surfaces carburized by pulsed laser melting with graphite addition. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 160(3), 374–381 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.06.025
F. Movassagh-Alanagh, A. Abdollah-Zadeh, M. Aliofkhazraei, M. Abedi, Improving the wear and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by deposition of TiSiN nanocomposite coating with pulsed-DC PACVD. Wear 390–391, 93–103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2017.07.009
E. Marin, R. Offoiach, M. Regis, S. Fusi, A. Lanzutti, L. Fedrizzi, Diffusive thermal treatments combined with PVD coatings for tribological protection of titanium alloys. Mater. Des. 89, 314–322 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.011
P.L. Zhang, X.P. Liu, H. Yan, Phase composition, microstructure evolution and wear behavior of Ni–Mn–Si coatings on copper by laser cladding. Surf. Coat. Technol. 332, 504–510 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.072
X.L. Lu, X.B. Liu, P.C. Yu, S.J. Qiao, Y.J. Zhai, M.D. Wang, Y. Chen, D. Xu, Synthesis and characterization of Ni60-hBN high temperature self-lubricating anti-wear composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by laser cladding. Opt. Laser Technol. 78(5), 87–94 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.10.005
G.F. Sun, Y.K. Zhang, C.S. Liu, K.Y. Luo, X.Q. Tao, P. Li, Microstructure and wear resistance enhancement of cast steel rolls by laser surface alloying NiCr–CrC. Mater. Des. 31(6), 2737–2744 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.021
G.Y. Wang, J.Z. Zhang, R.Y. Shu, S. Yang, High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 81, 63–70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.02.024
Lin YH, Yao JH, Lei YP, Fu HG, Wang L (2016) Microstructure and properties of TiB2–TiB reinforced titanium matrix composite coating by laser cladding. Opt. Lasers Eng. 86: 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.06.013
J.X. Yang, Z.Y. Xiao, F. Yang, H. Chen, X.B. Wang, S.F. Zhou, Microstructure and magnetic properties of NiCrMoAl/WC coatings by laser cladding: effect of WC metallurgical behaviors. Surf. Coat. Technol. 350, 110–118 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.07.021
G. Muvvala, D.P. Karmakar, A.K. Nath, Online assessment of TiC decomposition in laser cladding of metal matrix composite coating. Mater. Des. 121, 310–320 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.061
A. Riquelme, M.D. Escalera-Rodriguez, P. Rodrigo, J. Rams, Role of laser cladding parameters in composite coating (Al–SiC) on aluminum alloy. J. Therm. Spray Technol. 25(6), 1177–1191 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-016-0431-7
X. Jiang, D.Q. Zhao, Y.X. Wang, W.S. Duan, L.P. Wang, Toward hard yet tough VC coating via modulating compressive stress and nanostructure to enhance its protective performance in seawater. Ceram. Int. 45(1), 1049–1057 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.284
S.R. Al-Sayed, A.A. Hussein, A.A. Nofal, S.I. Hassab Elnaby, H. Elgazzar, H.A. Sabour, Laser powder cladding of Ti-6Al-4V α/β alloy. Materials 10(10), 1178 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10101178
K.M. Wang, D. Du, G. Liu, B.H. Chang, Y.X. Hong, Microstructure and properties of WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y2O3 addition on titanium alloy by laser cladding. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 24(5), 517–524 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1580441
S.Y. Xie, R.D. Li, T.C. Yuan, C. Chen, K.C. Zhou, B. Song, Y.S. Shi, Laser cladding assisted by friction stir processing for preparation of deformed crack-free Ni-Cr-Fe coating with nanostructure. Opt. Laser Technol. 99, 374–381 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.025
Z.K. Weng, A.H. Wang, X.H. Wu, Y.Y. Wang, Z.X. Yang, Wear resistance of diode laser-clad Ni/WC composite coatings at different temperatures. Surf. Coat. Technol. 304, 283–292 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.081
H.B. Jiang, Y.Q. Liu, Y.L. Zhang, Y. Liu, X.Y. Fu, D.D. Han, Y.Y. Song, L.Q. Ren, H.B. Sun, Reed leaf-inspired graphene films with anisotropic super-hydrophobicity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10, 18416–18425 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03738
A. Arjangpay, A. Darvizeh, M.Y. Tooski, Effects of structural characteristics of a bionic dragonfly wing on its low velocity impact resistance. J. Bionic Eng. 15(5), 859–871 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-018-0073-1
H. Zhang, S.H. Liu, H.P. Xiao, X. Zhang, Synthesis and tribological properties of bio-inspired nacre-like composites. Materials 11(9), 1563 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091563
Z.W. Han, H.L. Feng, W. Yin, S.C. Niu, J.Q. Zhang, D.B. Chen, An efficient bionic anti-erosion functional surface inspired by desert scorpion carapace. Tribol. Trans. 58(2), 357–364 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2014.971996
K. Jones, S.R. Schmid, Experimental investigation of laser texturing and its effect on friction and lubrication. Procedia Manuf. 5, 568–577 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.08.047
M. Cho, Friction and wear of a hybrid surface texturing of polyphenylene sulfide-filled micropores. Wear 346, 158–167 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.010
H.F. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Sui, K. Zhao, H. Zhou, L.Q. Ren, Influence of multiple bionic unit coupling on sliding wear of laser-processed gray cast iron. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 26(4), 1614–1625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2600-3
Y.Q. Wang, B.T. Liu, Z.C. Guo, Wear resistance of machine tools’ bionic linear rolling guides by laser cladding. Opt. Laser Technol. 91, 55–62 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.12.015
C.Q. Qi, X.H. Zhan, Q.Y. Gao, L.J. Liu, Y.Z. Song, Y.P. Li, The influence of the pre-placed powder layers on the morphology, microscopic characteristics and microhardness of Ti-6Al-4V/WC MMC coatings during laser cladding. Opt. Laser Technol. 119, 105572 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105572
S.R. Al-Sayed, A.A. Hussein, A. Nofal, S.I. Hassab Elnaby, H. Elgazzar, H. Elgazzar, A contribution to laser cladding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Metall. Res. Technol 116, 634 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019060
P.K. Farayibi, Microstructural evolution of metal matrix composites formed by laser deposition of Ti-6Al-4V wire and WC-W2C powder. Adv. Eng. Forum 26, 22–32 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.26.22
A. Ortiz, A. García, M. Cadenas, M.R. Fernández, J.M. Cuetos, WC particles distribution model in the cross-section of laser cladded NiCrBSi + WC coatings, for different wt.% WC. Surf. Coat. Technol. 324, 298–306 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.086
Zhou Y, Wang SQ, Huang KZ, Zhang B, Wen GH, Cui XH (2017) Improvement of tribological performance of TC11 alloy via formation of a double-layer tribo-layer containing graphene/Fe2O3 nanocomposite. Tribol Int 109: 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.025
Chen BB, Chen S, Yang J, Li HP (2015) Tribological properties of Cu-based composites with S-doped NbSe2. Rare Met. 34(6): 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-015-0464-y
X.P. Tao, S. Zhang, C.H. Zhang, C.L. Wu, J. Chen, A.O. Abdullah, Effect of Fe and Ni contents on microstructure and wear resistance of aluminum bronze coatings on 316 stainless steel by laser cladding. Surf. Coat. Technol. 342, 76–84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.032
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Technology Research Center Innovation Fund of China (COMAC-SFGS-2017-36736).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, M., Zhan, X., Bu, H. et al. Wear Resistance of Different Bionic Structure Manufactured by Laser Cladding on Ti6Al4V. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 2319–2327 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00765-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00765-y