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Multiple nets better explain the diversity of marine fish larvae in equatorial environments

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Abstract

The quantitative assessment of fish larvae is a key issue in determining the composition of marine food webs. However, there is still a gap in this field regarding how to efficiently sample larvae, particularly in warm and nutrient-poor waters. We evaluated the differences found in larvae caught with two mesh size nets (330 and 500 μm) sampled in the open ocean: shelf break and slope (equatorial SW Atlantic). In total, 792 larvae were sampled, representing 14 orders and 55 families. Overall, larval density was low, and no difference in density was detected between the two net sizes (ind.100 m−3). However, a greater number of taxa (46 families) were found in the smaller net (300 μm) than in the larger (500 μm) (37). Moreover, 30.2% of families were found only in the 330 μm net, whereas 9.4% were found only in the 500 μm net. A total of 60.4% of taxa were common to both nets. Gonostomatidae, Paralepididae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Phosichthyidae, and the reef-associated families Scaridae and Gobiidae were the most abundant taxa in the smaller net. In contrast, Myctophidae, Gobiidae, Gonostomatidae, and Stomiidae were the most abundant in the larger net. We highlight mesophotic reefs and seamounts in the South Atlantic for adult spawning and larval growth, emphasizing the need for conservation actions and appropriate fisheries management. Finally, our results also indicate that the combination of different mesh net sizes provides a better baseline of fish larval diversity in warm and oligotrophic oceans.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Plankton lab team (LABOMAR-UFC), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting the scholarship during the master's degree, and the companies Total E&P do Brasil Ltda, Premier Oil do Brasil Petróleo e Gás Ltda., and Chevron Brasil Upstream Frade Ltda for sampling in the Ceará Basin, under the “Projeto de Baseline Integrado para a Margem Equatorial Brasileira (Processo IBAMA Nª02022.001025/2014-10)”. These companies provided samples and environmental data to Scientific Collection Profa. Mariana de Menezes of Institute of Marine Sciences (LABOMAR—UFC), which allowed taxonomic and ecological analyses by our research group. The deposition of biological samples in academic collections in the region of origin/affected by oil and gas companies is predicted by current environmental laws. We thank CNPq (Grants no. 442337/2020-5 and 313518/2020-3), CAPES PRINT, FUNCAP (Chief Scientist Program/PELD Costa Semiárida do Brasil), and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AVH) for their financial support for research and fellowships. The authors would also like to thank the reviewers for their comments which helped to improve the text.

Funding

This research has not been funded. (The authors would like to highlight that the grants awarded to the researchers by the respective universities are listed in the “acknowledgements” section).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Laboratório de Plâncton, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil

    Ana Cecília Pinho Costa, José Pedro Vieira Arruda Júnior, Tatiane Martins Garcia & Marcelo Oliveira Soares

  2. Reef Systems Group, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Marcelo Oliveira Soares

  3. Center for Marine and Environmental Studies (CMES), University of the Virgin Islands, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands

    Marcelo Oliveira Soares

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  1. Ana Cecília Pinho Costa
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Correspondence to Ana Cecília Pinho Costa.

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All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, if applicable. The study is compliant with CBD and Nagoya protocols.

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ACPC: conceptualization, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision. JPVAJ: writing—original draft, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. TMG: writing—original draft, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. MOS: writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, data curation.

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Costa, A.C.P., Júnior, J.P.V.A., Garcia, T.M. et al. Multiple nets better explain the diversity of marine fish larvae in equatorial environments. Mar. Biodivers. 54, 15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-023-01402-8

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