Abstract
Goodingia is a crinoid-parasitic genus of the gastropod family Eulimidae, consisting of two named members: G. varicosa (Schepman, 1909) (type species) and G. capillastericola (Minichev, 1970). Due to their rarity, these species have been scarcely compared with each other. In this study, we assessed the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Goodingia plus an undescribed eulimid species, whose parasitic ecology and shell profile accord with the genus, with morphological and molecular data. Shell resemblance justified a close relationship between the two species of Goodingia. Newly collected specimens of G. capillastericola from Papua New Guinea and Japan were morphologically indistinguishable but were genetically differentiated from each other (uncorrected p distances of 8.1–8.8% in mitochondrial COI sequences). Phylogenetic analysis recovered another crinoid-parasitic genus Annulobalcis as a paraphyletic group to G. capillastericola, suggesting the evolutionary transition of shell shape from slender to globose and of sexual strategy from separate sexes to simultaneous hermaphroditic. Unexpectedly, the Goodingia-like undescribed species was phylogenetically distant from Goodingia and even Annulobalcis. The present eulimid phylogeny also suggested the polyphyly of endoparasitic and radula-less taxa, respectively, and multiple acquisition of the pseudopallium in the endoparasitic taxa.
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Acknowledgments
We are most grateful to Philippe Bouchet and Makoto Kato for providing the eulimid specimens from Papua New Guinea and the dredge survey off Amami-Oshima Island, respectively. The specimens from Papua New Guinea were obtained during the “Our Planet Reviewed” PAPUA NIUGINI expedition organized by MNHN, Pro Natura International (PNI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), and Principal Investigators Philippe Bouchet, Claude Payri and Sarah Samadi. The organizers acknowledge funding from the Total Foundation, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, Fondation EDF, Stavros Niarchos Foundation and Entrepose Contracting, and in-kind support from the Divine Word University (DWU). The expedition operated under a permit delivered by the Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation. The live-taken photo of Goodingia from Papua New Guinea was made by Laurent Charles during the expedition. The type specimens of G. varicosa in NBC were kindly photographed by Jeroen Goud. Images of Eulimidae gen. sp. from Vietnam were available by courtesy of Polina Y. Dgebuadze and Elena S. Mekhova. Yuri I. Kantor and Maxim V. Vinarski are also thanked for their help in the acquisition of Russian literature. Invaluable comments were provided by Leonardo S. Souza and an anonymous reviewer for the improvement of the manuscript.
Funding
Financial support was provided by JSPS KAKENHI grants to TT (nos. 15J10840 and 19K16221) and to RG (12J07151 and 20K15860).
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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed by the authors.
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All necessary permits for sampling were obtained by the principal researchers of the field studies, who kindly allowed us to use the specimens, from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgments, if applicable. The study is compliant with CBD and Nagoya protocols.
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All sequences yielded in this study have been deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases with accession numbers LC580397–LC580406.
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TT conceived and designed research, analyzed the molecular data, and wrote the manuscript. TT and RG collected the specimens and contributed to the interpretation of data and to the drafts, and gave final approval for publication.
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Takano, T., Goto, R. Molecular and morphological systematics of the crinoid-parasitic snail genus Goodingia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Eulimidae) with new insights into intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships. Mar. Biodivers. 51, 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01141-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01141-0