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The genus Dallocardia (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

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Abstract

The taxonomy of the species assigned to the genus Dallocardia (Cardiidae: Trachycardiinae) recorded from the Argentinean and Magellanic biogeographical provinces was reviewed, revealing that two species are present: Dallocardia muricata (Linnaeus, 1758), well known as widely distributed along the western Atlantic, and here considered as having its living southernmost limit of distribution in the southern Brazilian coast; and Dallocardia delicatula (EA Smith, 1915), a species resurrected as valid, to which D. manueli (Prado, 1993) is regarded as a junior synonym, occurring along southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay and in temperate waters of Argentina. The shells of both species are characterized in detail, differing in outline and rib morphology. Apart from this, a study of the functional anatomy of D. muricata was performed. This species is a moderately rapid shallow burrower from intertidal and subtidal regions in coarse, grassy and muddy sand bottoms, presenting adaptations to live in low-energy environments of sheltered bays and inlets. It has short siphons, with the incurrent crowned with simple, finger-like tentacles, which prevent, but do not block completely excess material and/or large particles from entering the pallial cavity. In addition to presenting a wide pedal gape and the two siphonal openings, D. muricata is the first known cardiid having a temporary fourth mantle gape, this acting as a supplementary incurrent opening, and also serving for expulsion of pseudofaeces. Compared to the labial palps, the ctenidia in this species are large and involved in processing the bulk of material entering the mantle cavity. The densely folded labial palps are indicative that D. muricata deals with moderate to considerable amounts of material. D. muricata is a hermaphroditic bivalve species.

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Abbreviations

aam:

Anterior adductor muscle

ac:

Anterior cardinal tooth

acs:

Anterior cardinal soquet

alt:

Anterior lateral tooth

an:

Anus

arm:

Anterior pedal retractor muscle

bg:

Byssus gland

bga:

Byssus gland aperture

css:

Crystalline style sac

d:

Duct of byssus gland

dalt:

Dorsal anterior lateral tooth

dh:

Dorsal hood

epm:

Elevator pedal muscle

ex:

Excurrent siphon

f:

Foot

hg:

Hind gut

id:

Inner demibranch

ilp:

Inner labial palp

in:

Incurrent siphon

k:

Kidney

L:

Left valve

l:

Ligament

lc:

Left caecum

lp:

Left pouch

mg(cp):

Coiled portion of midgut

mg(sp):

Spiral portion of midgut

mgp:

Temporary mantle gape

mo:

Mouth

n:

Nymph

od:

Outer demibranch

oe:

Oesophagus

olp:

Outer labial palp

pam:

Posterior adductor muscle

pc:

Posterior cardinal tooth

plt:

Posterior lateral tooth

ppm:

Pedal protractor muscle

prm:

Posterior pedal retractor muscle

r:

Rectum

R:

Right valve

rc:

Right caecum

sm:

Siphonal membrane

sp.:

Spines

u:

Umbo

v:

Ventricle

valt:

Ventral anterior lateral tooth

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Andreia Salvador and Phil Hurst (NHMUK); to Paula Spotorno (MORG), Sergio Mendonça de Almeida (MZUSP), A. Tablado and M. Romanelli (MACN) and G. Darrigran (MLP) for their assistance in the revision of types and additional examined material. José Carlos Tarasconi is fully acknowledged for his permission to access his private collection. Part of this contribution was developed by MLF in the Graduate Course Programme on Zoology, under the supervision of the Profs. W. Narchi and O. Domaneschi at the Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo. We are grateful to Jan Johan Ter Poorten who made very useful comments that improved an early version of the manuscript. The same applies to two anonymous reviewers. FS is also very grateful to Juan Carlos Zaffaroni (Sociedad Malacológica del Uruguay) for interesting discussions over the years and pointing out several issues relevant to this work.

Funding

A scholarship for MLF was provided by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPq) (130703/1998–2); and two grants from FAPESP (Proc 2016/01083-5 and 2018/10313-0) for FDP. JHS acknowledge to CONICET. This contribution was partially supported by the project PICT 640, by CAPES/PROAP and by “Idea Wild” who contributed with a 60-mm Nikkor micro lens.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR–CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915 (9120), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    Javier H. Signorelli

  2. Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (PETROBRAS), Av. Horácio de Macedo, 950 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-915, Brazil

    Mauricio Leme da Fonseca

  3. Centro Universitario Regional del Este—CURE, Sede Rocha, Universidad de la República, Ruta 9 esq. Ruta 15, CP 27000, Rocha, Uruguay

    Fabrizio Scarabino

  4. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, CC 399, 11000, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Fabrizio Scarabino

  5. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia—Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil

    Flávio Dias Passos

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  1. Javier H. Signorelli
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  2. Mauricio Leme da Fonseca
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  3. Fabrizio Scarabino
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  4. Flávio Dias Passos
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Correspondence to Javier H. Signorelli.

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Signorelli, J.H., da Fonseca, M.L., Scarabino, F. et al. The genus Dallocardia (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biodivers. 49, 2753–2773 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-01004-3

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