Abstract
Evaporites like calcrete and gypsum are found largely in arid regions in association with playas, palaeochannels, and different source rocks. Identification and precise mapping of these minerals is important for the economy. The present study aims to identify and map the spatial distribution of gypsum in the Bikaner district (an arid region in western Rajasthan, Bharat) based on the analysis of distinct spectral responses. Recently high spectral resolution and atmospherically corrected PRISMA data were used in this study. During the initial processing of the data, bad bands were spectrally subset after a detailed visual inspection. Also, a minimum noise fraction was performed to remove noise as well as to reduce the dimensionality of the data as per the analysis of eigenvalues. Then, the distribution map of gypsum was generated using the application of Spectral Angle Mapper after matching the spectra obtained from the spectral library and image. The results were validated through a detailed field investigation as well as from lab-based analysis like X-ray Diffraction. Moreover, we have delineated a course of a palaeochannel based on the interpretation of ALOS PALSAR, Sentinel-2A, and their fused images using two different fusion algorithms such as Gram Schmidt and Intensity Hue and Saturation. Our analysis revealed that the gypsum deposits are mostly situated along the identified palaeochannel and with lithology such as fine aeolian sand and calcrete (Kankar).
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Vice-Chancellor, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, for constant encouragement and support in carrying out impactful research. The authors are grateful to SAC, ISRO, Government of India, for providing financial support under the NISAR-RA project Grant (Number: EPSA/3.1.1/2017). We are thankful to the Italian Space Agency and European Space Agency (ESA) for providing PRISMA, and Sentinel-2A data. We are also thankful to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for the free distribution of ALOS PALSAR images. We would like to thank Rajdharaa, Government of Rajasthan, India, for providing location information for the existence of various minerals. We are also thankful Geological Survey of India (GSI) for providing lithology layers of the study area free of charge. In addition, the authors would like to give a special token of thanks to Mr. Vikash, Banaras Hindu University, for helping with the generation of laboratory spectra from the soil sample using the spectro-radiometer. The first author would also like to gratefully appreciate Dr. Subhadyouti Bose, PRL, Ahmedabad, for motivating and providing constructive suggestions.
Funding
This work was supported by the Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space, Government of India under NASA-ISRO Research Announcement (NISAR-RA) Grant (Number: EPSA/3.1.1/2017).
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V.S.R and RB designed the research. RB performed image processing and prepared the draft manuscript. V.S.R supervised the work, edited, and improvised the manuscript.
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Biswas, R., Rathore, V.S. Spectral Analysis to Explore Gypsum Deposits and Its Association with Palaeochannels and Lithology Using PRISMA, Sentinel 2, and Dual-Polarimetric SAR Data in Bikaner, Rajasthan, Bharat. J Indian Soc Remote Sens (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01865-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01865-7