Abstract
The territory situated to the north of the Lower Danube represents the ideal space for observing the interaction between local communities, local environment and newcomers who arrived here at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Thousands of burial mounds and relatively few flat graves present an array of common or exceptional inventories, indicating a very dynamic society. Among these grave inventories, the ornaments, beyond their primary symbolism (religious, social, cultural), generate important information which, properly exploited and systematically treated, allows the exploration of social practices in the context of the development of elites in prehistory. This study highlights the results of pluridisciplinary investigations (anthropological, isotopic, metallographic, technological, traceological, malacological and archaeozoological) of the ornaments discovered in a grave of the Early Bronze Age (the first third of the 3rd millennium BC) from Șoimești, Prahova County, with the richest inventory in Romania. The exploration of various aspects, such as the variety of basic materials used (animal teeth, molluscs, metal), ornamental forms and settings, their large number and their distribution in the burial space, allowed for interpretive assumptions about the deceased individual’s relation with the environment (through the fauna in the grave), and cultural and social identity (including status) analysed from different spatial perspectives, including the Lower Danube, Carpathian Basin and the North Pontic steppe.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allentoft ME, Sikora MK, Sjögren G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dabrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolár J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smracka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E (2015) Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522:167–172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
Álvarez Fernández E, Jöris O (2008) Personal ornaments in the Early Upper Paleolithic of Western Eurasia: an evaluation of the record. In: Jöris O, Adler DS (eds) Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary across Eurasia. Proceedings of Session C57, 15th UISPP, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2006. Eurasian Prehistory 5/2: 31–44
Anthony DW (2007) The horse, the wheel and language. How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
Anthony DW, Brown DR (2017) The dogs of war: a Bronze Age initiation ritual in the Russian steppes. J Anthropol Archaeol 48:134–148
Baković M (2012) The princely tumulus Gruda Boljevića Podgorica, Montenegro. In Borgna E, Müller S, Celka (eds) Ancestral landscapes. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Mediterranée 58, Lyon, pp. 375–381
Barbu MG, Barbu OL, Marc AT (2016) Locuirea culturii Coțofeni de la Deva-Magna Curia, județul Hunedoara. În: Popa CI (ed.) The Carpathian Basin and the Northern Balkans between 3500 and 2500 BC: common aspects and regional differences. Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica 20 (II), Alba Iulia, pp. 359–379
Bar-Yosef Mayer DE (2013) Mollusc exploitation at Çatalhöyük. In: Hodder I (ed) Humans and landscapes of Çatalhöyük. Reports from the 2000–2008 seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project Series Volume 8). British Institute at Ankara. BIAA Monograph No. 47, Ankara, pp. 329–338
Batora J (2002) Contribution to the problem of “craftmen” graves at the end of Aeneolithic and in the Early Bronze Age in Central, Western and Eastern Europe. Slovenská Archeológia 50(2):179–228
Beldiman C, Sztancs DM (2013) The osseous artefacts of the Starčevo-Criș culture in Romania. An overview. In: Comșa A, Bonsall C, Nikolova L (eds) Facets of the past. The challenge of the Balkan Neo-Eneolithic. Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the 85th Birth Anniversary of Eugen Comșa, October 2008, Târgu Mureș, pp. 106–133
Beldiman C, Sztancs DM, Cornel I (2012) Osseous materials artefacts in the collection of history museum Galați. Aeneolithic. Editura Mega, Cluj Napoca
Bernabò Brea M, Mazzieri P, Micheli R (2010) People, dogs and wild game: evidence of human-animal relations from Middle Neolithic burials and personal ornaments in northern Italy. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII:125–145
Binford LR (1971) Mortuary practices: their study and their potential. Mem Soc Am Archaeol 25:6–29
Bonnardin S (2009) La parure funéraire au Néolithique ancien dans les Bassins parisien et rhénan Rubané, Hinkelstein et Villeneuve-Saint-Germain. Societé Préhistorique Française (Mémoire XLIX), Paris
Borić D (2009) Absolute dating of metallurgical innovations in the Vinča culture of the Balkans. In: Kienlin TL, Roberts W (eds) Metals and societies. Studies in honour of Barbara S Ottaway, Bonn, pp 191–245
Bronk Ramsey C, Lee S (2013) Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon 55(2–3):720–730
Buikstra J, Ubelaker D (1994) Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Report Research Series, Fayetteville
Casini S., Fossati A. (2013) Immagini di dei, guerrieri e donne. Stele, massi incisi e arte rupestre in Valcamonica e Valtellina, L’età del Rame. La ianura padana e le Alpi al tempo di Ötzi. Breschia: 161–196
Chernykh E (2008) The “steppe belt” of stockbreeding cultures in Eurasia during the Early Metal Age. Trab Prehist 65(2):73–93
Ciugudean H (2000) Eneoliticul final în Transilvania și Banat: cultura Coțofeni, Timișoara, Editura Mirton
Ciugudean H (2011) Mounds and mountains: burial rituals in Early Bronze Age Transylvania. In: Berecki S, Németh ER, Rezi B (eds) Bronze Age rites and ritual in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Targu Mureş, October 2010, pp. 21–57
Coleman JE, Facorelis Y (2018) The shadowy “proto-Early Bronze Age” in the Aegean. In: Dietz S, Mavridis F, Tankosić Ž, Takaoğlu T (eds) Communities in transition. The Circum-Aegean area during the 5th and 4th millennia B. Oxford & Philadelphia, Oxbow, pp 33–66
Cox SL, Ruff CB, Maier RM, Mathieson I (2019) Genetic contributions to variation in human stature in prehistoric Europe, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910606116.
Dani J (2013) The significance of metallurgy at the beginning of the third millennium BC in the Carpathian Basin. In: Heyd V, Kulcsár G, Szeverényi V (eds) Transitions to the Bronze Age: interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions, Budapest, pp. 203–231
Diaconescu D (2020) Step by steppe: Yamnaya culture in Transylvania. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91(1):17–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2020-0010
Dimitrijević V (2014) The provenance and use of fossil scaphopod shells at the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic site Vinča – Belo Brdo, Serbia. In: Szabó K, Dupont C, Dimitrijević V, Gómez Gastélum L, Serrand N (eds) Archaeomalacology: shells in the archaeological record. BAR International Series 2666, pp. 33–41
Ecsedy I (1979) The people of the Pit Grave Kurgan in Eastern Hungary. Budapest
Frank C, Pernicka E (2012) Copper artefacts of the Mondsee group and their possible sources. In: Midgley M, Sanders J (eds) Lake dwellings after Robert Munro. Proceedings from the Munro International Seminar: The Lake Dwellings of Europe, October 2010, University of Edinburgh, Leiden, pp. 113–138
Frînculeasa A (2019) The children of the steppe: descendance as a key to Yamnaya success. Studii de Preistorie 16:129–168
Frînculeasa A, Preda B, Negrea O, Soficaru AD (2013) Bronze Age tumulary graves recently investigated in Northern Wallachia. Dacia NS LVII: 23–63
Frînculeasa A, Preda B, Heyd V (2015) Pit-Graves, Yamnaya and Kurgans along the Lower Danube: disentangling 4th and 3rd millennium BC burial customs, equipment and chronology. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 90:45–113
Frînculeasa AP, Frînculeasa MN, Dumitru IF, Buterez C (2017) The dynamics of prehistoric burial mounds of Ploieşti metropolitan area (Romania) as reflected by cartographic documents of the 18th–20th centuries. Area 49(4):533–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12354
Furholt M (2019) Re-integrating archaeology: a contribution to aDNA studies and the migration discourse on the 3rd millennium BC in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.4
Gerling C, Ciugudean H (2013) Insights into the Transylvanian Early Bronze Age using strontium and oxygen isotope analyses: a pilot study. In: Heyd V, Kulcsár G, Szeverényi V (eds) Transitions to the Bronze Age: interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions, Budapest, pp. 181–202
Gerling C, Bánffy E, Dani J, Köhler K, Kulcsár G, Pike AWG, Szeverényi V, Heyd V (2012) Immigration and transhumance in the Early Bronze Age Carpathian Basin: the occupants of a kurgan. Antiquity 86:1097–1111
Germonpré M, Sablin MV, Stevens RE, Hedges REM, Hofreiter M, Stiller M, Despré VR (2009) Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes. J Archaeol Sci 36:473–490
Gogâltan F (2015) The Early and Middle Bronze Age chronology on the Eastern Frontier of the Carpathian Basin. Revisited after 15 years. In: Németh RE, Rezi B (eds) Bronze Age chronology in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, October 2014, Târgu Mureș: Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica VIII, pp. 53–95
Grossu AV (1962) Mollusca, Bivalvia. Fauna Republicii Populare Române. Editura Academiei Române, București
Guzzo Falci C, Cuisin J, Delpuech A, van Gijn A, Hofman CL (2018) New insights into use-wear development in bodily ornaments through the study of ethnographic collections. J Archaeol Method Theory 26:755–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-018-9389-8
Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, Nordenfelt S, Harney E, Stewardson K, Fu Q, Mittnik A, Bánffy E, Economou C, Francken M, Friederich S, Garrido Pena R, Hallgren F, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kunst M, Kuznetsov P, Meller H, Mochalov O, Moiseyev V, Nicklisch N, Pichler SL, Risch R, Rojo Guerra MA, Roth C, Szécsényi Nagy A, Wahl J, Meyer M, Krause J, Brown D, Anthony D, Cooper A, Alt KW, Reich D (2015) Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522:207–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317
Hansen S (2015) Aspects of Bronze Age art. In: Hansen S, Molodin VI (eds.), The Bronze Age art. Proceedings of International Symposium April 15–19, 2013, Stralsund, Germany, Novosibirsk, Berlin, pp. 141–158
Harris S, Hofmann KP (2014) From stones to gendered bodies: regional differences in the production of the body and gender on the Copper Age Statue-Menhirs of Northern Italy and the Swiss Valais. Eur J Archaeol 17(2):264–285
Harrison R, Heyd V (2007) The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC: the example of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). Prähistorische Zeitschrift 82:129–214
Heyd V (2011) Yamnaya groups and tumuli west of the Black Sea. In: Borgna E, Müller S, Celka (eds) Ancestral landscapes. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Mediterranée 58, Lyon, pp. 536–555
Heyd V (2013) Europe at the dawn of the Bronze Age. In: Heyd V, Kulcsár G, Szeverényi V (eds) Transitions to the Bronze Age: interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions, Budapest, pp. 9–66
Heyd V (2017) Kossinna’s smile. Antiquity 91:348–359
Hillson S (2005) Teeth, Second edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Horváth T, Cseh J, Barkócz P, Juhász L, Gulyás S, Bernert Z, Buzár A (2020) A double burial of the Baden culture from Tatabánya–Delphi (northern Transdanubia, Hungary). A case study of the Dentalium beads of the Baden culture and their interpretation. Quat Int 539:78–91
Ifantidis F (2004) The shell personal ornaments. In: Veropoulidou RC, Ifantidis F (eds) Shell assemblage analysis of the Neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria. The eastern sector. Thessaloniki, Institute for Aegean Prehistory, pp. 6–103
Ifantidis F (2005) Shell personal ornaments. In: Veropoulidou RC, Ifantidis F (eds.) Shell assemblage analysis of the Neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria. The western sector. Thessaloniki, Institute for Aegean Prehistory, pp. 49–94
Ivanova M (2012) Perilous waters: early maritime trade along the western coast of the Black Sea (fifth millennium BC). Oxf J Archaeol 31(4):339–365
Ivanova M (2013) The Black Sea and the early civilizations of Europe, the Near East and Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kaiser E, Winger K (2015) Pit graves in Bulgaria and the Yamnaya culture. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 90(1–2):114–140
Kristiansen K, Allentoft ME, Iversen R, Kroonen G, Pospieszny L, Price TD, Sjögren KG, Sikora M, Rasmussen S, Johannsen NN, Willerslev E (2017) Re-theorizing mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware cultures in Europe. Antiquity 91:334–347
Kurzawska A, Bar-Yosef M, Mienis HK (2013) Scaphopod shells in the Natufian culture. In: Ofer Bar-Yosef DE, Valla FR (eds) Natufian foragers in the Levant. Terminal Pleistocene social changes in Western Asia. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, Michigan U.S.A., pp. 611–621
Lazăr V (1998) Consideration on some objects of copper discovered at Şincai – “Cetatea Păgânilor”, Mureş County. Apulum 35:43–45
Lazăr C, Mărgărit M, Radu V (2018a) Between dominant ideologies and techno-economical constraints: Spondylus ornaments from the Balkans in the 5th millennium BC. In: Cruz AP, Gibaja JP (eds) West and east: technology and knowledge circulation-idiosyncrasy of dominant ideologies in pre and early history? BAR International Series 2891, Oxford, pp. 5–21
Lazăr C, Darie A, Niculescu G, Georgescu M (2018b) Metal artefacts circulation in the Eneolithic period from southeastern Romania. A case study. In: Armada XL, Murillo-Barroso M, Charlton M (eds) Metals, minds and mobility: integrating scientific data with archaeological theory. Chapter 3, Oxbow, pp. 37–51
Manzura I (2016) North Pontic steppes at the end of the 4th millennium BC: the epoch of broken borders. In: Zanoci A, Kaiser E, Kashuba M, Izbitser E, Băţ M (eds.) Mensch, Kultur und Gesellschaft von der Kupferzeit bis zur frühen Eisezeit im Nördlichen Eurasien (Beiträge zu Ehren zum 60. Geburtstag von Eugen Sava), Tyragetia International I, Chişinău: National Museum of History of Moldova, Freie Universität Berlin, pp. 53–75
Marciak A, Yanish YY, Zhuravlov O, Kośko A, Włodarczak P, Żurkiewicz D (2017) Status of animals in funerary rituals of founders and users of ceremonial centres of the Yampil barrow cemetery complex (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC). A zooarchaeological perspective. Baltic-Pontic Stud 22:191–225
Maréchal C, Alarashi H (2008) Les éléments de parure de Mureybet. In: Ibañez JJ (ed.) Le site néolithique de Tell Mureybet (Syrie du Nord). En hommage à Jacques Cauvin. Vol. II. BAR International Series 1843, Lyon/Oxford, pp. 575–617
Mărgărit M (2016) Testing the endurance of prehistoric adornments: raw materials from the aquatic environment. J Archaeol Sci 70:66–81
Mărgărit M, Popovici DN (2012) From block to finished object. Function of the personal ornaments in the Eneolithic settlement from Hârşova-tell (judeţul Constanţa, Romana). Acta Archaeol Carpathica XLVII:91–114
Mărgărit M, Radu V (2014) The use of autochthonous aquatic resources in the technologies of Gumelniţa communities. In: Mărgărit M, Le Dosseur G, Averbouh A (eds) An overview of the exploitation of hard animal materials during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. Cetatea de Scaun, Târgoviște, pp 221–240
Mărgărit M, Mirea P, Radu V (2018) Exploitation of aquatic resources for adornment and tool processing at Măgura ‘Buduiasca’ (‘Boldul lui Moș Ivănuș’) Neolithic settlement (southern Romania). Quat Int 472:49–59
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Alpaslan Roodenberg S, Harney E, Stewardson K, Fernandes D, Novak M, Sirak K, Gamba C, Jones ER, Llamas B, Dryomov S, Pickrell J, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E, Gerritsen F, Khokhlov A, Kuznetsov P, Lozano M, Meller H, Mochalov O, Moiseyev V, Rojo Guerra MA, Roodenberg J, Vergès JM, Krause J, Cooper A, Alt KW, Brown D, Anthony D, Lalueza-Fox C, Haak W, Pinhasi R, Reich D (2015) Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528:499–503
Matuschik I (1996) Brillen- und Hakenspiralen der frühen Metallzeit Europas. Germania. 74:1–43
Merkyte I, Albek S, Sörensen Ostegaard J, Zidarov P (2005) Lîga. Copper Age strategies in Bulgaria. Acta Archaeologica 76/1. Acta Archaeologica Supplementa VI. Centre of world Archaeology (CWA) - Publications 2
Nikolaidou M (2003) Items of Adornment. In: Elster ES, Renfrew C (eds) Prehistoric Sitagroi: excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol II. Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, pp 331–360
Pernicka E, Anthony DW (2010) The invention of copper metallurgy and the Copper Age of Old Europe. In: Anthony DW, Chi JY (eds) The lost world of Old Europe, the Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC (Princeton and Oxford), pp. 162–177
Pernicka E, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S, Todorova H, Kuleff I (1997) Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria. Its composition and provenance. Eurasia Antiqua 3:41–180
Popa CI (2011) Between ornaments, social status and symbolism. Spectacle-shaped pendants of the Transylvanian Bronze Age. Thraco-Dacica NS 11(25–26)/1–2: 35–46
Popa CI (2013) Motive-simbol pe vasele ceramice Coţofeni: cercuri concentrice, spirale, spirale-ochelari, Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis 5:77–110
Poulmarc’h M, Christidou R, Bălășescu A, Alarashi H, Le Mort F, Gasparyan B, Chataigner C (2016) Dog molars as personal ornaments in a Kura-Araxes child burial (Kalavan-1, Armenia). Antiquity 90(352):953–972
Powell W, Mathur R, Bankoff HA, Mason A, Al B, Filipovic V, Godfrey L (2017) Digging deeper: insights into metallurgical transitions in European prehistory through copper isotopes. J Archaeol Sci 88:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.06.012
Preda-Bălănică B, Frînculeasa A, Heyd V (2020) The Yamnaya impact north of the Lower Danube: a tale of newcomers and locals. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 117(1):85–101
Racimo F, Woodbridge J, Fyfe RM, Sikőraa M, Sjőgren K-G, Kristiansen K, Vander Linden M (2020) The spatiotemporal spread of human migrations during the European Holocene. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920051117.
Radivojević M, Grujić J (2018) Community structure of copper supply networks in the prehistoric Balkans: an independent evaluation of the archaeological record from the 7th to the 4th millennium BC. J Complex Netw 6:106–124. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnx013
Radivojević M, Roberts BW, Pernicka E, Stos-Gale Z, Martinon-Torres M,·Rehren T, Bray P, Brandherm D, Ling J, Mei J, Vandkilde H, Kristiansen K, Shennan SJ, Broodbank C (2018) The provenance, use, and circulation of metals in the European Bronze Age: the state of debate. J Archaeol Res https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9123-9, 27, 131, 185.
Radovanović I (1999) “Neither person nor beast”: dogs in the burial practice of the Iron Gates Mesolithic. Documenta Praehistorica XXVI:71–87
Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatte C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Staff RA, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1923–1945
Ricou C, Esnard T (2000) Étude expérimentale concernant la fabrication des perles en coquillage de deux sites artenaciens oléronais. Bull Soc Prehist Franc 97(1):83–93
Rigaud S (2011) La parure: traceur de la géographie culturelle et des dynamiques de peuplement au passage Mésolithique-Néolithique en Europe. Ph.D. Thesis. Université Bordeaux 1, France
Rigaud S (2013) Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Große Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l’organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe. Anthropozoologica 48(2):207–230
Rigaud S, d’Errico F, Vanhaeren M (2015) Ornaments reveal resistance of North European cultures to the spread of farming. PLoS One 10/4:e0121166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121166
Sachße C (2010) Untersuchungen zu den Bestattungssitten der Badener Kultur, Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 179, Bonn
Schmid E (1972) Atlas of animal bones: for prehistorians, archaeologists and Quaternary geologists. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Shishlina N (2008) Reconstruction of the Bronze Age of the Caspian steppes. Life styles and life ways of pastoral nomads. Oxford, BAR International Series 1876
Székely Z (1997) Perioada timpurie și începutul celei mijlocii a epocii bronzului în sud-estul Transilvaniei. Bibliotheca Thracologica XXXI, București
Sztancs DM, Beldiman C (2014) The Ariuşd (Erősd)-Cucuteni culture: osseous materials artefacts. In: Preoteasa C, Nicola CD (eds) L’impact anthropique sur l’environnement durant le Néo-Énéolithique du sud-est de l’Europe. In Honorem Dr. Gheorghe Dumitroaia. Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis XXXI, Piatra Neamț. pp. 239–282
Taborin Y (2004) Langage sans parole. La parure aux temps préhistoriques. La maison des roches, Paris
Ţurcanu S (2013) Cucutenian body ornamenting items: from the raw materials perspective. Arheol Mold XXXVI:61–78
Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F (2006) Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. J Archaeol Sci 33(8):1105–1128
Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F, van Niekerk KL, Henshilwood CS, Erasmus RM (2013) Thinking strings: additional evidence for personal ornament use in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. J Hum Evol 64(6):500–517
Vitezović S (2012) The white beauty-Starčevo culture jewellery. Documenta Praehistorica 29:215–226
von den Driesch A (1976) A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites (Peabody Museum Bulletin 1). Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge
Walsh S (2013) Identity as process: an archaeological and osteological study of Early Bronze Age burials in northern England. Volume 1 of 2. PhD Thesis, University of Central Lancashire
Wilk S (2014) An elite burial from the Copper Age: grave 8 at the cemetery of the Lublin-Volhynian culture at site 2 in Książnice, the Świętokrzyskie province, Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. Stone Age Archaeol 9:209–243
Włodarczak P (2006) Kultura ceraminski szurowejna Wyźnje Malopalskiej, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Kraków
Włodarczak P (2017) Kurgan rites in the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age Podolia in light of materials from the funerary ceremonial centre at Yampil. În: A. Kośko (ed.), Podolia `Barrow cultureˊ comunities: 4th/3rd-2nd mill. BC Yampil complex: interdisciplinary studies, Baltic-Pontic Studies 22:246-283
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Professors David Anthony (Hartwick College, USA) and John Chapman (Durham University, UK) for their suggestions and careful language revision of the manuscript.
Funding
MM and AB’s work was supported by two grants of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, UEFISCDI: PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-0182 (MM) and PN-IIII-P1.2-PCCDO-2017-0686 (AB).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alin, F., Daniel, G., Monica, M. et al. Between worlds and elites at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in the Lower Danube Basin: a pluridisciplinary approach to personal ornaments. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 213 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01177-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01177-0