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InSAR mapping and geophysical investigation of ground deformations in Tanjung Bungah, Penang Island, Malaysia

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Abstract

Detailed research was carried out on Penang Island’s ground deformation due to the region’s high reflectivity and ground displacement potential. A combined remote sensing technique and geophysical survey were applied. Fifty-six descending Sentinel-1A (S-1A) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were processed by the Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technique in SARPROZ software to detect, calculate, and map ground deformation patterns in the area. A geophysical survey was also performed using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method to investigate subsurface activities based on InSAR results. Although the entire Penang Island’s ground deformation was mapped, the analyses were limited to one of the ground deformation areas, namely Tanjung Bungah. The area is a high-risk landslide zone due to its incohesive soil composition. Ground deformation significantly affects the lives and properties of the people of the area. InSAR result indicates an active ground movement (subsidence) of around − 10 mm/yr. The value of 5.00 mm/yr for the uplift pattern was also observed. The detected GPR anomalies (cavities, fractures, and road fissures) correspond to the subsidence PS points. InSAR and geophysical data have a strong association with subsurface disturbances.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the European Space Agency (ESA) for making Sentinel-1A data available free of charge.

Funding

Universiti Sains Malaysia and Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), Nigeria are equally acknowledged for supporting this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang Island, Malaysia

    Kazeem Olukunle Rauff & Ismail Ahmad Abir

  2. Department of Physics, Federal University of Kashere, P.M.B. 0182, Gombe, Nigeria

    Kazeem Olukunle Rauff

  3. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall DriveOffice: HAMP 4106, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    Daniel Perissin

Authors
  1. Kazeem Olukunle Rauff
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  2. Ismail Ahmad Abir
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  3. Daniel Perissin
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Correspondence to Kazeem Olukunle Rauff.

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Responsible Editor: Narasimman Sundararajan

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Rauff, K.O., Abir, I.A. & Perissin, D. InSAR mapping and geophysical investigation of ground deformations in Tanjung Bungah, Penang Island, Malaysia. Arab J Geosci 15, 1416 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10699-x

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