Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of weathering and alteration effects by rock change value (RCV) and weathering indices of volcanic rocks in the Şile Region (NW Turkey)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigated the weathering progress and its effects on the physico-mechanical properties of andesitic rocks in the Şile Region (NW Turkey). Progression from volcanic rock to clay due to the weathering and alteration process was evaluated by the rock change value (RCV), a weathering index developed as a function of the change of specific unit weight, dry unit weight, and porosity values of the rock. Additionally, petrographic and geochemical analyses of the andesitic rocks were carried out. The progression from fresh rock to weathered rock was also examined utilizing commonly used weathering indices calculated based on the major oxide values of fresh-altered rocks from the study area. Moreover, free swelling values of the clays were calculated to assess the relationship between the weathering and swelling potential of the clays. Evaluations indicated that the change in the physico-mechanical properties of the volcanic rocks was mainly the result of weathering and alteration processes. Both geochemical analysis and RCV calculations showed that the weathering processes were accompanied by hydrothermal alteration from moderately weathered rock to highly weathered rock stages. Hydrothermal diffusion presumably occurred between 66.94 and 65.08 Ma with a corresponding RCV of 0.875 and 0.805, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The study is based on original data that can be made available to the publisher.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Acarlioglu S, Kadir S, Abdioglu E, Arslan M (2012) Epithermal-alteration geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Hasandag (Giresun) area, eastern Pontides, NE Türkiye. Neues Jahrbuchfür Mineralogie 190:79–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altmeyer WT (1955) Discussion of engineering properties of expansive clays. Journal Soil Mechanics Foundation Division, American Society Testing Materials 81(2):17–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1979) Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping. Part I – rock and soil materials. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 19:364–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arikan F, Ulusay R, Aydin N (2007) Characterization of weathered acidic volcanic rocks and a weathering classification based on a rating system. Bull Eng Geol Environ 66:415–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arikan F, Aydin N (2012) Influence of weathering on the engineering properties of dacites in northeastern Türkiye. International Scholarly Research Network Soil Science 2012, Article ID 218527, 15 p. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/218527

  • Arslan M, Kadir S, Abdioglu E, Kolaylı H (2006) Origin and formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Türkiye. Clay Miner 41:597–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D 5731-95 (1995) Standard test method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. Annual book of ASTM standards 04.08

  • Aysal N, Keskin M, Peytcheva I, Duru O (2018) Geochronology, geochemistry, and isotope systematics of a mafic–intermediate dyke complex in the İstanbul Zone. New constraints on the evolution of the Black Sea in NW Türkiye. In Simmons, M. D., Tarı, G. C. and Okay, A. I. (Editors), Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464 (1), 131–168. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP464.4

  • Bell FG (1994) Engineering in rock masses. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Elsevier, Oxford, p 580

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurtoğlu E (2003) Investigation of the effect of joints on rock alteration in volcanics of the Çanakkale-Tuzla Region: unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye, 186 p.

  • Bozkurtoğlu E, Vardar M, Suner F, Zambak C (2006) A new numerical approach to weathering and alteration in rock using a pilot area in the Tuzla geothermal area, Türkiye. Eng Geol 87:33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.06.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurtoğlu E, Şans G, Eyüboğlu R (2015) An approach to swelling potential of cohesive soils: Avcilar-Esenyurt example. Pamukkale Univ J Eng Sci 21(6):270–275. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2014.36025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll D (1970) Rock weathering. Plenum Press, New York, p 212

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ceryan S, Tudes S, Ceryan N (2008) Influence of weathering on the engineering properties of Harsit granitic rocks (NE Turkey). Bull Eng Geol Environ 67:97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceryan S (2012) Weathering indices for assessment of weathering effect and classification of weathered rocks: a case study from NE Turkey. Earth Sciences. Dr. Imran Ahmad Dar (Ed.), ISBN: 978–953- 307–861–8, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/earth-sciences/weathering-indices-forassessment-of-weathering-effect-and-classification-of-weathered-rocks-a-case-19–44 pp. Accessed 22 July 2022

  • Çoban F, Ece OI, Yavuz O, Özdamar Ş (2002) Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks and clay mineralogy and genesis of underclays, Şile Region, Türkiye. Neues Jahrbuchfür Mineralogie-Abhandlungen 178:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2002/0178-0001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ece OI, Ekinci B, Schroeder PA, Crowe D, Esenli F (2013) Origin of the Duvertepe kaolin-alunite deposits in Simav Graben, Türkiye: timing and styles of hydrothermal mineralization. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 255:57–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ece OI, Nakagawa Z (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in Sile region, northern Istanbul, Türkiye. Part II. Differential Mobility of Elements Clay Miner 38:529–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Ece OI, Nakagawa Z, Schroeder PA (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Sile Region, Northern Istanbul, Türkiye. Part I: Clay mineralogy. Clays Clay Miner 51:675–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ece OI, Schroeder PA (2007) Clay mineralogy and chemistry of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Turplu area, Balıkesir, Türkiye. Clays Clay Miner 55:18–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ece OI, Schroeder PA, Smilley MJ, Wampler JM (2008) Acid-sulfate hydrothermal alteration of andesitic tuffs and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, Türkiye. Clay Miner 43:281–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ercan T, Türkecan A, Guillou H, Satir M, Sevin D, Saroğlu F (1998) Features of the Tertiary volcanism around the sea of Marmara. Mineral Res Expl Bull 120:97–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin JL, Broch E (1972) The point load test. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 9:669–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frolova JV, Vladimir L, Sergey R, David Z (2014) Effects of hydrothermal alterations on physical and mechanical properties of rocks in the Kuril-Kamchatka Island arc. Eng Geol 183:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolova JV, Chernov M, Rychagov S, Kuznetsov Ruslan, Ksenia Surovtseva (2019) Alteration of volcanic rocks and changes in physical-mechanical properties on the South-Kambalny thermal field (South Kamchatka). E3S Web of Conferences 98, 08002, 16th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-16) and 13th International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry (1st IAGC International Conference)

  • Frolova JV, Chernov MS, Rychagov SN et al (2021) The influence of hydrothermal argillisation on the physical and mechanical properties of tuffaceous rocks: a case study from the Upper Pauzhetsky thermal field, Kamchatka. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:1635–1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02007-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurocak Z, Kilic R (2005) Effect of weathering on the geomechanical properties of the Miocene basalts in Malatya, Eastern Türkiye. Bull Eng Geol Environ 64:373–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harnois L (1988) The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sediment Geol 55:319–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(88)90137-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haskins DR, Bell FG (1995) Drakensberg basalts: their alteration, breakdown, and durability. Q J Eng Geol 28(3):287–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irfan TY (1996) Mineralogy, fabric properties, and classification of weathered granites in Hong Kong. Q J Eng Geol 29:5–35. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1996.029.P1.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardena UDS (1993) Use of H2O for classification of residual soils. In Anagnostopoulos et al. (Editors), Geotechnical Engineering of Hard Soils-2/Soft Rocks. Balkema, Rotterdam, 169–171

  • Jayawardena UDS, Izawa E (1994) Application of present indices of chemical weathering for Precambrian metamorphic rocks in Sri Lanka. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 49:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadir S, Erman H, Erkoyun H (2011) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal kaolinite deposits within Neogene volcanites, Kütahya (Western Anatolia), Türkiye. Clays Clay Miner 59:250–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keskin M, Tüysüz O (2017) Stratigraphy, petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of Late Cretaceous volcanism on the SW margin of the Black Sea, Türkiye. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464:95–130, 28 September 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP464.5

  • Lermi A, Sönmez M, Aydin F (2018) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and economic potential of hydrothermal alteration in Tepeköy volcanites, Niğde, Central Anatolia, Türkiye. Ömer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences 7(3):1124–1129

    Google Scholar 

  • Malayoğlu U, Akar A (1995) killerin sınıflandırmasında ve kullanım alanlarının saptanmasında aranan kriterlerin irdelenmesi. Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu. Köse ve Kızıl (eds), İzmir, Türkiye, 125–133 ss. (in Turkish)

  • Moon V, Jayawardane J (2004) Geomechanical and geochemical changes during early stages of weathering of Karamu Basalt, New Zealand. Eng Geol 74(1–2):57–72

    Google Scholar 

  • MTA (2010) Mining and energy resources of Istanbul Province: electronic document, available at http://www.mta.gov.tr/. Accessed 22 July 2022

  • Nesbitt HW, Young GM (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of Lutites. Nature 299:715–717. https://doi.org/10.1038/299715a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okay AI, Sunal G, Tuysuz O, Sherlock S, Keskin M, Kylander-Clark ARC (2014) Low-pressure–high-temperature metamorphism during extension in a Jurassic magmatic arc, Central Pontides, Türkiye. J Metamorph Geol 32:49–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özdamar Ş (1998) The mineralogical investigation of the Underclays around Avcikoru-Domali-Sofular (Şile-İstanbul) Region: unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye, 118 p

  • Özdamar Ş, Ece ÖI, Kayacı K, Küçüker AS (2007) Mineralogical and technological properties of underclay’s in Şile Region, İstanbul. Türkiye Ind Ceram 27(3):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Özgül N (2011) Geology of Istanbul Province area: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Earthquake Risk Management, and Urban Development Department, Earthquake and Ground Investigation Directorate, İstanbul, 550 p

  • Pandarinath K (2022) Application potential of chemical weathering indices in the identification of hydrothermally altered surface volcanic rocks from geothermal fields. Geosci J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-021-0042-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker A (1970) An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geol Mag 103:501–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peltier LC (1950) The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 40:214–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pola A, Crosta G, Fusi N, Barberini V, Norini G (2012) Influence of alteration on physical properties of volcanic rocks. Tectonophysics 566–567:67–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pola A, Crosta GB, Fusi N, Castellanza R (2014) General characterization of the mechanical behavior of different volcanic rocks with respect to alteration. Eng Geol 169:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiche P (1943) Graphic presentation of chemical weathering. J Sediment Petro 13(2):58–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Roaldset E (1972) Mineralogy and geochemistry of Quaternary clays in Numedal Area, Southern Norway. Nor Geol Tidsskr 52:335–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruxton BP (1968) Measures of the degree of chemical weathering of rocks. J Geol 76:518–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sueoka T, Lee IK, Huramatsu M, Imamura S (1985) Geomechanical properties and engineering classification for decomposed granite soils in Kaduna district, Nigeria. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Geomechanics in Tropical Lateritic and Saprolitic Soils, Brazil 1:175–186

    Google Scholar 

  • TS 1900–1 (2006) Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes in the laboratory - Part 1: determination of physical properties, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara

  • TS 699 (2009) Natural building stones-methods of inspection and laboratory testing

  • Tugrul A, Gurpınar O (1997) A proposed weathering classification for basalts and their engineering properties (Türkiye). Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 55:139–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tüysüz O (2017) Cretaceous geological evolution of the Pontides. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464:69–94, 8 September 2017. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP464.9

  • Ündül Ö, Tuğrul A (2012) The influence of weathering on the engineering properties of dunites. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(2):225–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ündül Ö, Tuğrul A (2016) On the variations of geo-engineering properties of dunites and diorites related to weathering. Environ Earth Sci 75(19):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel DE (1975) Precambrian weathering in acid metavolcanic rocks for the Superior Province, Villebon Township, South- central Quebec. Can J Earth Sci 12:2080–2085. https://doi.org/10.1139/e75-183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt T (1927) Sulitjelmafeltets geologiog petrografi. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 121, 560 p. (In Norwegian, with English Abstract)

  • Wyering LD, Villeneuve MC, Wallis IC, Siratovich PA, Kennedy BM, Gravley DM, Cant JL (2014) Mechanical and physical properties of hydrothermally altered rocks, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. J Volcanol Geoth Res 288:76–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeniyol M (1984) İstanbul killerinin oluşumu. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni 5:143–150 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeniyol M, Ercan T (1989) Geology of the Northern Istanbul, petrochemical characteristics of Upper Cretaceous volcanism and its regional distribution in Pontides. Istanbul Earth Sci Rev 7:125–147

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ibrahim Incekara, Geological Engineer, for his assistance in fieldwork.

Funding

Istanbul Technical University BAP Coordination Unit provided financial support to the BAP project No: 38345.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mines, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

    Erkan Bozkurtoğlu & Şenel Özdamar

  2. Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, IzmitKocaeli, Turkey

    Ahmet Karakaş

Authors
  1. Erkan Bozkurtoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmet Karakaş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Şenel Özdamar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmet Karakaş.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bozkurtoğlu, E., Karakaş, A. & Özdamar, Ş. Evaluation of weathering and alteration effects by rock change value (RCV) and weathering indices of volcanic rocks in the Şile Region (NW Turkey). Arab J Geosci 15, 1543 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10683-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10683-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation