Abstract
Cavity is one of the many interference mechanisms of hydraulic fracture propagation. In this paper, reservoir models with different positions, different sizes, and different numbers of caves were developed based on extended finite element method. The investigation results show that caves have an attractive effect on hydraulic fracture extension; caves have a certain influence on the change of hydraulic fracture width, but the degree of influence is different When the angle of cave to fracturing fluid injection point is 0°, 5°, 25°, 45°, 60°, and 67°, the horizontal offset of fracture end is 5.00 m, 3.75 m, 2.25 m, 1.25 m, and 0.75 m, and the maximum fracture width is 1.04 cm, 0.95 cm, 0.89 cm, 0.86 cm, and 0.83 cm. When the cave radius is 1.25 m, 2.5 m, 3.75 m, and 5 m, the horizontal offset of fracture end is 2.5 m, 4.3 m, 7.5 m, and 11.3 m, and the maximum fracture width is 0.78 cm, 1.04 cm, 1.21 cm, and 3.09 cm. When there are 1, 2, and 3 caves in the reservoir, the horizontal offset of fracture end is 2.75 m, 4.25 m and 6.25 m, and the maximum fracture width is 0.78 cm, 0.88 cm, and 0.94 cm. In short, as the distance between the cave and the fracturing fluid injection point decreases, the cave size increases, or the number of caves increases, the attraction capacity and hydraulic fracture width increases to varying degrees. Moreover, caves have a controlling effect on the hydraulic fracture propagation capacity and on the direction of hydraulic fracture propagation.
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Abbreviations
- N t(x):
-
nodal displacement form function
- u I :
-
finite element displacement solution corresponding to continuous part
- H (x) :
-
intermittent jump function along the crack face
- \({a}_I,{b}_l^{\alpha }\) :
-
node-extended freedom vectors
- F α(x):
-
crack tip stress progressive function
- t :
-
nominal stress
- t n :
-
traction in the normal direction
- t s, t t :
-
traction in two tangential directions
- δ :
-
nominal strain
- δ n :
-
relative displacement of normal nodes
- δ s, δ t :
-
relative displacement of nodes in two tangential directions
- K :
-
stiffness matrix
- σ 0 max :
-
maximum allowable principal stress
- T n :
-
normal stress component of the force unit
- T s, T t :
-
two tangential stress components in the stressed unit
- D :
-
damage parameter (varies between 0 and 1)
- \({\delta}_m^0\) :
-
separation at the start of unit damage displacement
- \({\delta}_m^f\) :
-
separation displacement when the unit is completely damaged
- \({\delta}_m^{\mathrm{max}}\) :
-
maximum separation displacement during unit damage
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Acknowledgements
This paper was completed under the careful guidance of my supervisor, Li Qingchao and Wu Caifang. From the beginning to the end, Mr. Li and Mr. Wu have been patient and caring. I would also like to thank my parents for their unfailing care.
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Shuai, X., Qingchao, L. & Caifang, W. Influence of caves on hydraulic fracture propagation behavior based on extended finite element method. Arab J Geosci 15, 782 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10060-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10060-2