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Organic geochemical characterization of crude oil from the Cretaceous reservoir rocks of the Khabbaz Oil Field, Kirkuk Area, Northern Iraq

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Abstract

Six crude oil samples from six wells in Khabbaz Oil Field were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. One of the samples was from Lower Qamchuqa reservoir. The rest were taken from the Upper Qamchuqa reservoir. Biomarker distribution and characteristics are used to provide information on source of organic matter input, depositional conditions, maturation level, and possible source rock. The n-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and aromatic compounds have been monitored through using specified mass/charge ratios. The crude oils from Khabbaz Oil Field are not affected by biodegradation as it is revealed from the gas chromatogram shapes of the studied samples and the high ratio of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons to the NSO components. All samples reveal the dominant of short chain n-alkanes between C15-C18, with isoprenoids pristane and phytane. The unimodal envelope chromatograms, maximum peak carbon n-C15-n-C20, and low CPI values (0.89–0.93) indicating a high contribution of aquatic algae organic matter and with minor input from terrestrial plants. The high presence of C27 regular steranes also support this conclusion. In the studied oil samples of Khabbaz Oil Field, phytane has relatively higher concentrations than pristane with low Pr/Ph ratios in range 0.60–0.73. This indicates that these oils were derived from organic matter deposited in a marine environment under reducing conditions. In most samples, the abundance of C32 homohopanes is moderate and the 22S/22R + 22S epimerization ratio is around 0.55 to 0.61. In addition, gammacerane is recorded in the analyzed samples and the gammacerane index (gammacerane/C30 hopane) are indicating that the oils were generated from carbonate source rocks in anoxic and high salinity conditions. The relative C30 hopane abundance is less than C29 norhopane in all samples with high C29/C30 17α (H) hopane ratios in the range 1.33–1.62 which indicates that such crude oils are derived from carbonate-rich source rock. 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) C29 sterane ratios are relatively consistent for all the analyzed samples, ranging between 0.43–0.46 and 0.58–0.63, respectively. This ratio (DBT/Phe) is also used to draw with Pr/Ph ratio as cross-plot, which is clearly indicates that the oils were generated from marine carbonate source rock. The Khabbaz crude oils have a 20S/ (20S +20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) C29 sterane ratios in the range 0.43 to 0.46 and 0.58–0.63, respectively, which indicate thermal maturity (equivalent to peak oil generation stage). The Lower Qamchuqa reservoir is higher in pressure and temperature than the Upper Qamchuqa, as a result the oil of Lower Qamchuqa has higher maturity and API gravity. The studied area is underlain by several rock units which could make potential source rocks for the Khabbaz oils. The biomarkers distribution, and the δ13Corg indicate that the to Chia Gara Formation considered as the main source rock of the oils within Khabbaz Oil Field.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the North Oil Company in Kirkuk for giving the studied crude oil samples with information on each well. The support from TOTAL Oil Company in analyzing crude oils by GC-MS in their laboratory is highly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Fouad M. Qader & Ibrahim M. J. Mohialdeen

  2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Basim Al-Qayim

  3. Technical Engineering College of Kirkuk, North Technical University, Kirkuk, Iraq

    Fawzi Al-Biaty

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  1. Fouad M. Qader
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  2. Ibrahim M. J. Mohialdeen
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  3. Basim Al-Qayim
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Correspondence to Basim Al-Qayim.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Identified peaks in the m/z 177, m/z 191, m/z 217, and m/z 198 mass fragmentograms of Figures 6, 9, 10, and 12.

Peaks on m/z177

 

TNH

Trisnorhopane

TNH

C28DH

C28 Demethylated hopane

C28DH

C29DH

C29 Demethylated hopane

C29DH

30-norhopane

30-Norhopane

30-norhopane

Peaks on m/z191

 

C23/3

C23 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C23

C24/3

C24 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C24

C25/3 R-S

C25 Tetracyclic R and S

Tri C25 R-S

C24/4

C24 Tetracyclic

Tet C24

C26/3 -S

C26 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C26

C26/3 -R

C26 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C26

C28/3 -S

C28 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C28

C28/3 -R

C28 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C28

C29/3 -S

C29 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C29

C29/3 -R

C29 Tricyclic (Cheilanthane)

Tri C29

Ts

18α(H),22,29,30-trisnorneohopane

Ts

Tm

17α(H),22,29,30-trisnorhopane

Tm

BNH

Bisnorhopane 17a,21b(H)-Dinorhopane

BNH

C29DH

C29 Demethylated hopane

C29DH

C29

17α,21β(H)-nor-hopane

C29 hop

OLN

18α(H) and 18β(H)-oleanane

OLN

C30H

17α,21β(H)-hopane

Hopane

C30M

17 β,21α (H)-Moretane

C30βα

C31S

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22S)

C31(22S)

C31R

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22R)

C31(22R)

GCRN

C30 Gammacerane

GCRN

C32/6

17α,21β(H)-homohopane

C32/6

C32S

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22S)

C32(22S)

C32R

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22R)

C32(22R)

C33/6

17α,21β(H)-homohopane

C33/6

C33S

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22S)

C33(22S)

C33R

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22R)

C33(22R)

C34/6

17α,21β(H)-homohopane

C34/6

C34S

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22S)

C34(22S)

C34R

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22R)

C34(22R)

C35/6

17α,21β(H)-homohopane

C35/6

C35S

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22S)

C35(22S)

C35R

17α,21β(H)-homohopane (22R)

C35(22R)

Peaks on m/z217

 

C27 Sdia

13β,17α(H)-diasteranes 20S

Diasteranes

C27 Rdia

13β,17α(H)-diasteranes 20R

Diasteranes

C27 ααS

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20S

C27ααα20S

C27 ββR

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20R

C27αββ20R

C27 ββS

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20S

C27αββ20S

C27 ααR

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20R

C27ααα20R

C28 ααS

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20S

C28ααα20S

C28 ββR

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20R

C28αββ20R

C28 ββS

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20S

C28αββ20S

C28 ααR

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20R

C28ααα20R

C29 ααS

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20S

C29ααα20S

C29 ββR

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20R

C29αββ20R

C29 ββS

5α,14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes 20S

C29αββ20S

C29 ααR

5α,14α(H), 17α(H)-steranes 20R

C29ααα20R

Peaks on m/z 198

 

DBT

Dibenzothiophene

DBT

4MDBT

4 methyldibenzothiophene

4MDBT

2+3 MDBT

2+3 methyldibenzothiophene

2+3 MDBT

1MDBT

1 methyldibenzothiophene

1MDBT

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Qader, F.M., Mohialdeen, I.M.J., Al-Qayim, B. et al. Organic geochemical characterization of crude oil from the Cretaceous reservoir rocks of the Khabbaz Oil Field, Kirkuk Area, Northern Iraq. Arab J Geosci 14, 2117 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08467-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08467-4

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