Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) has been used to simulate aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters including rainfall over Pakistan during July 2016. Two identical experiments are designed for simulation. The first one is based on WRF-Chem simulation with feedback from aerosols’ direct and indirect effects, whereas the second one does not include any aerosol effect. The robustness of the model simulations are examined against the data sets obtained from satellite- and ground-based observations. Different meteorological parameters, e.g. temperature, relative humidity, pressure, rainfall distribution, and aerosol optical properties, e.g. aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol extinction coefficient, and single scattering albedo (SSA), are simulated reasonably well. The magnitude and spatial distribution of AOD is simulated realistically over the study domain, particularly over eastern and northeastern parts with high aerosol burden due to natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The net atmospheric forcings due to both short waves (SW) and long waves (LW) and the resultant atmospheric heating simulated by the model are positive over the entire study domain with higher values over the northeastern part. It is shown that the rainfall magnitude is reduced by the inclusion of feedback from aerosol direct and indirect effects into the model simulation over different parts of the study area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackermann IJ, Hass H, Memmesheimer M, Ebel A, Binkowski FS, Shankar U (2002) Modal aerosol dynamics model for Europe. Atmos Environ 32:2981–2999. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00006-5
Adesina AJ, Kumar KR, Sivakumar V (2015) Variability in aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over Gorongosa (18.97oS, 34.35oE) in Mozambique. Meteorog Atmos Phys 127:217–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-014-0352-2
Alam K, Qureshi S, Blaschke T (2011) Monitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODIS, TOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT model. Atmos Environ 45:4641–4651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.055
Alam K, Trautmann T, Blaschke T, Majid H (2012) Aerosol optical and radiative properties during summer and winter seasons over Lahore and Karachi. Atmos Environ 50:234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.027
Ali G, Bao Y, Boiyo R, Tang W, Lu Q, Min J (2019) Evaluating MODIS and MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over environmentally distinct sites in Pakistan. J Atmos Solar-Terrestrial Phys 183:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.12.008
An WJ, Pathak RK, Lee BH, Pandis SN (2007) Aerosol volatility measurement using an improved thermodenuder: application to secondary organic aerosol. J Aerosol Sci 38:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.12.002
Angstrom A (1961) Techniques of determining the turbidity of the atmosphere. Tellus A 13:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961.tb00078.x
Bao Y, Zhu L, Guan Q, Guan Y, Lu Q, Petropoulos GP, Che H, Ali G, Dong Y, Tang Z, Gu Y (2019) Assessing the impact of Chinese FY-3/MERSI AOD data assimilation on air quality forecasts : sand dust events in northeast China. Atmos Environ 205:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.026
Bibi H, Alam K, Bibi S (2017) Estimation of shortwave direct aerosol radiative forcing at four locations on the Indo-Gangetic plains: Model results and ground measurement. Atmos Environ 163:166–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.043
Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H (2017a) Characterization of absorbing aerosol types using ground and satellites based observations over an urban environment. Atmos Environ 150:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.052
Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S (2017b) Observations of black carbon aerosols characteristics over an urban environment : radiative forcing and related implications. Sci Total Environ 603–604:319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.082
Boiyo R, Kumar KR, Zhao T (2018) Optical, microphysical and radiative properties of aerosols over a tropical rural site in Kenya, East Africa: Source identification, modification and aerosol type discrimination. Atmos Environ 177:234–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.018
Boiyo R, Kumar KR, Zhao T, Guo J (2019) A 10 - year record of aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over three environmentally distinct AERONET sites in Kenya, East Africa. J of Geophysical Res Atmos 124:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029461
Bollasina MA, Ming Y, Ramaswamy V (2011) Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Science 334(80):502–505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204994
Cazorla ARB (2013) Relating aerosol absorption due to soot , organic carbon , and dust to emission sources determined from in-situ chemical measurements mixing state of the particles. Atmos Chem Phys 13:9337–9350. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9337-2013
Chakraborty A, Satheesh SK, Nanjundiah RS, Srinivasan J (2004) Impact of absorbing aerosols on the simulation of climate over the Indian region in an atmospheric general circulation model. Ann Geophys 22:1421–1434. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1421-2004
Chen F, Dudhia J (2002) Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology Model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part II: Preliminary Model Validation. Mon Weather Rev 129:587–604. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0587:caalsh>2.0.co;2
Cherian R, Venkataraman C, Quaas J, Ramachandran S (2013) GCM simulations of anthropogenic aerosol-induced changes in aerosol extinction, atmospheric heating and precipitation over India. J Geophys Res Atmos 118:2938–2955. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50298
Das S, Dey S, Dash SK (2015) Impacts of aerosols on dynamics of Indian summer monsoon using a regional climate model. Clim Dyn 44:1685–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2284-4
Dave P, Bhushan M, Venkataraman C (2017) Aerosols cause intraseasonal short-term suppression of Indian monsoon rainfall. Sci Rep 1–12:17347. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17599-1
Ebel A, Binkowski FS, Ackermann IJ, Hass H, Schell B (2004) Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality model system. J Geophys Res Atmos 106:28275–28293. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000384
Emmons LK, Walters S, Hess PG, Lamarque J, Pfister GG, Fillmore D, Granier C, 2010. Model Development Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 ( MOZART-4 ). Geosci Model Dev 3:43–67
Fast JD Jr, W.I.G, Easter RC, Zaveri RA, Barnard JC, Chapman EG, Grell GA, Peckham SE (2006) Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model. J Geophys Res 111:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006721
Freitas SR, Longo KM, Alonso MF, Pirre M, Marecal V, Grell G, Stockler R, Mello RF, Sánchez Gácita M (2011) PREP-CHEM-SRC - 1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models. Geosci Model Dev 4:419–433. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011
Ganguly D, Rasch PJ, Wang H, Yoon JH (2012) Fast and slow responses of the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 39:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053043
Gautam R, Hsu NC, Tsay SC, Lau KM, Holben B, Bell S, Smirnov A, Li C, Hansell R (2011) Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas : distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Atmos Chem Phys 11:12841–12863. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12841-2011
Giles DM, Sinyuk A, Sorokin MG, Schafer JS, Smirnov A, Slutsker I, Eck TF, Holben BN, Lewis JR, Campbell JR, Welton EJ, Korkin SV, Lyapustin AI (2019) Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network ( AERONET ) Version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth ( AOD ) measurements. Atmos Meas Tech 12:169–209
Grell GA, Devenyi D (2002) A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geophys Res Lett 29:10–13
Grell GA, Peckham SE, Schmitz R, McKeen SA, Frost G, Skamarock WC, Eder B (2005) Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model. Atmos Environ 39:6957–6975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027
Guenther A, Karl T, Harley P, Wiedinmyer C, Palmer PI, Geron C (2006) Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos Chem Phys Estim 6:3181–3210
Hersbach H, De Rosnay P, Bell B, et al (2018) Operational global reanalysis: progress, future directions and synergies with NWP including updates on the ERA5 production status
Holben BN, Eck TF, Slutsker I, Tanré D, Buis JP, Setzer A, Vermote E, Reagan JA, Kaufman YJ, Nakajima T, Lavenu F, Jankowiak I, Smirnov A (1998) AERONET—A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens Environ 66:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5
Hong S-Y, Yign N, Dudhia J (2006) A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon Weather Rev 134:2318–2341. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1
Hsu NC, Jeong MJ, Bettenhausen C, Sayer AM, Hansell R, Seftor CS, Huang J, Tsay SC (2013) Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: the second generation. J Geophys Res Atmos 118:9296–9315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50712
Hsu NC, Lee J, Sayer AM, Kim W, Bettenhausen C, Tsay S-C (2019) VIIRS deep blue aerosol products over land : extending the EOS long - term aerosol data records. J Geophys Res-Atmos 124:4026–4053. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029688
Huffman GJ, Stocker EF, Bolvin DT, Nelkin EJ, Tan J (2019) GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 1 month 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V06. https://doi.org/10.5067/GPM/IMERG/3B-MONTH/06. Accessed 10 Jul 2019
Iacono MJ, Delamere JS, Mlawer EJ, Shephard MW, Clough SA, Collins WD (2008) Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: calculations with the AER radiative transfer models. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944
Iftikhar M, Alam K, Sorooshian A, Syed WA, Bibi S, Bibi H (2018) Contrasting aerosol optical and radiative properties between dust and urban haze episodes in megacities of Pakistan. Atmos Environ 173:157–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.011
IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013
Janssens-Maenhout G, Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Dentener F, Muntean M, Pouliot G, Keating T, Zhang Q, Kurokawa J, Wankmüller R, Denier Van Der Gon H, Kuenen JJP, Klimont Z, Frost G, Darras S, Koffi B, Li M (2015) HTAP-v2.2: A mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution. Atmos Chem Phys 15:11411–11432. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015
Ji Z, Kang S, Zhang D, Zhu C, Wu J, Xu Y (2011) Simulation of the anthropogenic aerosols over South Asia and their effects on Indian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn 36:1633–1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0982-0
Jiménez PA, Dudhia J, González-Rouco JF, Navarro J, Montávez JP, García-Bustamante E (2011) A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation. Mon Weather Rev 140:898–918. https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00056.1
Jin M, Shepherd JM, King MD (2005) Urban aerosols and their variations with clouds and rainfall : a case study for New York and Houston. J Geophys Res 110:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005081
Johnson MS, Meskhidze N, Kiliyanpilakkil VP (2012) A global comparison of GEOS-Chem-predicted and remotely-sensed mineral dust aerosol optical depth and extinction profiles. J Adv Model Earth Syst 4:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000109
Kahn BH, Irion FW, Dang VT, Manning EM, Nasiri SL, Naud CM, Blaisdell JM, Schreier MM, Yue Q, Bowman KW, Fetzer EJ, Hulley GC, Liou KN, Lubin D, Ou SC, Susskind J, Takano Y, Tian B, Worden JR (2014) The atmospheric infrared sounder version 6 cloud products. Atmos Chem Phys 14:399–426. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-399-2014
Kang N, Kumar KR, Yu X, Yin Y (2016) Column-integrated aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the urban-industrial megacity Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:17532–17552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6953-1
Kaskaoutis DG, Kambezidis HD, Hatzianastassiou N, Kosmopoulos PG, Badarinath KVS (2007) Aerosol climatology: dependence of the Angstrom exponent on wavelength over four AERONET sites. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 7:7347–7397. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7347-2007
Kazmi DH, Li J, Ruan C, Zhao S, Li Y (2016) A statistical downscaling model for summer rainfall over Pakistan. Clim Dyn 47:2653–2666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-2990-1
Kedia S, Cherian R, Islam S, Das SK, Kaginalkar A (2016) Regional simulation of aerosol radiative effects and their influence on rainfall over India using WRFChem model. Atmos Res 182:232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.008
Kedia S, Das SK, Islam S, Hazra A, Kumar N (2019a) Aerosols impact on the convective and non-convective rain distribution over the Indian region : results from WRF-Chem simulation. Atmos Environ 202:64–74
Kedia S, Ramachandran S, Holben BN, Tripathi SN (2014) Quantification of aerosol type, and sources of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Atmos Environ 98:607–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.022
Kedia S, Vellore RK, Islam S, Kaginalkar A (2019b) A study of Himalayan extreme rainfall events using WRF - Chem. Meteorog Atmos Phys 131:1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0626-1
Khan R, Raghavendra K, Zhao T (2019) The climatology of aerosol optical thickness and radiative effects in Southeast Asia from 18-years of ground-based observations *. Environ Pollut 254:113025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113025
Kittaka C, Winker DM, Vaughan MA, Omar A, Remer LA (2011) Intercomparison of column aerosol optical depths from CALIPSO and MODIS-Aqua. Atmos Meas Tech 4:131–141. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-131-2011
Kumar KR, Kang N, Sivakumar V, Griffith D (2017) Temporal characteristics of columnar aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing (2011–2015) measured at AERONET’s Pretoria_CSIR_DPSS site in South Africa. Atmos Environ 165:274–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.048
Kumar M, Parmar KS, Kumar DB, Mhawish A, Broday DM, Mall RK, Banerjee T (2018) Long-term aerosol climatology over Indo-Gangetic Plain: trend, prediction and potential source fields. Atmos Environ 180:37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.02.027
Kumar R, Barth MC, Pfister GG, Naja M, Brasseur GP (2014) WRF-Chem simulations of a typical pre-monsoon dust storm in northern India: influences on aerosol optical properties and radiation budget. Atmos Chem Phys 14:2431–2446. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2431-2014
Kumar R, Naja M, Pfister GG, Barth MC, Brasseur GP (2012a) Simulations over South Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem): set-up and meteorological evaluation. Geosci Model Dev 5:321–343. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-321-2012
Kumar R, Naja M, Pfister GG, Barth MC, Wiedinmyer C, Brasseur GP (2012b) Simulations over South Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem): chemistry evaluation and initial results. Geosci Model Dev 5:619–648. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-619-2012
Latha KM, Badarinath KVS (2005) Factors influencing aerosol characteristics over urban environment. Environ Monit Assess 104:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-1615-7
Lau KM, Kim KM (2006) Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation. Geophys Res Lett 33:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027546
Lau WKM, Kim KM (2010) Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on long - term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 37:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043255
Li S, Chen L, Fan M, Tao J, Wang Z, Yu C, Si Y, Letu H, Liu Y (2015) Estimation of GEOS-Chem and GOCART simulated aerosol profiles using CALIPSO observations over the contiguous United States. Aerosol Air Qual Res 16:3256–3265. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.03.0173
Lin Y-L, Richard DF, Harold DO (1983) Bulk Parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. Mon Weather Rev 22:1065–1092
Maghsood FF, Hashemi H, Hosseini SH, Berndtsson R (2020) Ground validation of GPM IMERG precipitation products over Iran. Remote Sens 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12010048
Masood M, Shakir AS, Azhar AH, Nabi G, Habib-u-Rehman (2019) Assessment of real time, multi-satellite precipitation products under diverse climatic and topographic conditions. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 56:577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00166-1
McKeen SA, Chung SH, Wilczak J, Grell G, Djalalova I, Peckham S, Gong W, Bouchet V, Moffet R, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Mathur R, Yu S (2007) Evaluation of several PM<inf>2.5</inf> forecast models using data collected during the ICARTT/NEAQS 2004 field study. J Geophys Res Atmos 112:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007608
Meehl GA, Arblaster JM, Collins WD (2008) Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon. J Clim 21:2869–2882. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1
Mehta M (2015) A study of aerosol optical depth variations over the Indian region using thirteen years (2001-2013) of MODIS and MISR Level 3 data. Atmos Environ 109:161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.021
Meier J, Tegen I, Heinold B, Wolke R (2012) Direct and semi-direct radiative effects of absorbing aerosols in Europe : results from a regional model. Geophys Res Lett 39:5–9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL050994
Michael M, Yadav A, Tripathi SN, Kanawade VP, Gaur A, Sadavarte P, Venkataraman C (2014) Simulation of trace gases and aerosols over the Indian domain: evaluation of the WRF-Chem model. Geosci Model Dev Discuss 7:431–482. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-431-2014
Mlawer EJ, Taubman SJ, Brown PD, Iacono MJ, Clough SA (1997) Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J Geophys Res Atmos 102:16663–16682. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237
Nabeel A, Athar H (2017) Classification of precipitation regimes in Pakistan using wet and dry spells. Int J Climatol 38:2462–2477. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5357
Nair VS, Solmon F, Giorgi F, Mariotti L, Babu SS, Moorthy KK (2012) Simulation of South Asian aerosols for regional climate studies. J Geophys Res Atmos 117:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016711
Niu F, Li Z (2012) Systematic variations of cloud top temperature and precipitation rate with aerosols over the global tropics. Atmos Chem Phys 12:8491–8498. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8491-2012
Pan L, Che H, Geng F, Xia X, Wang Y, Zhu C, Chen M, Gao W, Guo J (2010) Aerosol optical properties based on ground measurements over the Chinese Yangtze Delta Region. Atmos Environ 44:2587–2596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.013
Pan X, Chin M, Gautam R, Bian H, Kim D, Colarco PR, Diehl TL, Takemura T, Pozzoli L, Tsigaridis K, Bauer S, Bellouin N (2015) A multi-model evaluation of aerosols over South Asia: common problems and possible causes. Atmos Chem Phys 15:5903–5928. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5903-2015
Pandithurai G, Dipu S, Dani KK, Tiwari S, Bisht DS, Devara PCS, 2008. Aerosol radiative forcing during dust events over New Delhi, India. J Geophys Res 113:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009804
Petters JL, Saxena VK, Slusser JR, Wenny BN, Madronich S (2003) Aerosol single scattering albedo retrieved from measurements of surface UV irradiance and a radiative transfer model. J Geophys Res 108:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002360
Ramachandran S, Kedia S, Srivastava R (2012) Aerosol optical depth trends over different regions of India. Atmos Environ 49:338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.017
Ramachandran, Kedia S (2013) Aerosol , clouds and rainfall : inter-annual and regional variations over India. Clim Dyn 40:1591–1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1594-7
Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Kiehl JT, Rosenfeld D (2001a) Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 294:2119–2124. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064034
Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Mitra AP, Althausen D, Anderson J, Andreae MO, Cantrell W, Cass GR, Chung CE, Collins WD, Conant WC, Dulac F, Heintzenberg J, Heymsfield AJ, Holben B, Howell S, Hudson J, Jayaraman A et al (2001b) Indian Ocean Experiment: an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze. J Geophys Res 106:28371–28398
Remer LA, Kaufman YJ, Tanré D, Mattoo S, Chu DA, Martins JV, Li R-R, Ichoku C, Levy RC, Kleidman RG, Eck TF, Vermote E, Holben BN (2005) The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation. J Atmos Sci 62:947–973. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3385.1
Rosati B, Herrmann E, Bucci S, Fierli F, Cairo F, Gysel M, Tillmann R, Größ J, Paolo Gobbi G, Di Liberto L, Di Donfrancesco G, Wiedensohler A, Weingartner E, Virtanen A, Mentel FT, Baltensperger U (2016) Studying the vertical aerosol extinction coefficient by comparing in situ airborne data and elastic backscatter lidar. Atmos Chem Phys 16:4539–4554. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4539-2016
Sadavarte P, Venkataraman C, Cherian R, Patil N, Madhavan BL, Gupta T, Kulkarni S, Carmichael GR, Adhikary B (2016) Seasonal differences in aerosol abundance and radiative forcing in months of contrasting emissions and rainfall over northern South Asia. Atmos Environ 125:512–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.092
Salah Z, Shalaby A, Steiner AL, Zakey AS, Gautam R, Wahab MMA (2018) Study of Aerosol direct and indirect effects and auto-conversion processes over the West African monsoon region using a regional climate model. Adv Atmos Sci 35:182–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7077-3
Satheesh SK, Srinivasan J (2002) Enhanced aerosol loading over Arabian Sea during the pre-monsoon season: natural or anthropogenic? Geophys Res Lett 29:21-1-21-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015687
Sayer AM, Hsu NC, Dutcher ST, Lee J (2019) Validation, stability, and consistency of MODIS Collection 6.1 and VIIRS version 1 deep blue aerosol data over land. J Geophys Res-Atmos 124:4658–4688. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029598
Shahid MZ, Liao H, Li J, Shahid I, Lodhi A, Mansha M (2015) Seasonal variations of aerosols in Pakistan: contributions of domestic anthropogenic emissions and transboundary transport. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:1580–1600. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.12.0332
Singh S, Soni K, Bano T, Tanwar RS, Nath S, Arya BC (2010) Clear-sky direct aerosol radiative forcing variations over megacity Delhi. Ann Geophys 28:1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1157-2010
Stockwell WR, Middleton P, Chang JS, Tang X (1990) The second generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling. J Geophys Res 95:16343. https://doi.org/10.1029/jd095id10p16343
Susskind J, Blaisdell JM, Iredell L (2014) Improved methodology for surface and atmospheric soundings, error estimates, and quality control procedures: the atmospheric infrared sounder science team version-6 retrieval algorithm. J Appl Remote Sens 8:84994. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.8.084994
Tai APK, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ (2010) Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States: implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change. Atmos Environ 44:3976–3984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.060
Tan ML, Ibrahim AL, Duan Z, Cracknell AP, Chaplot V (2015) Evaluation of six high-resolution satellite and ground-based precipitation products over Malaysia. Remote Sens 7:1504–1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70201504
Tanré D, Kaufman YJ, Herman M, Mattoo S (1997) Remote sensing of aerosol properties over oceans using the MODIS/EOS spectral radiances. J Geophys Res Atmos 102:16971–16988. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03437
Toshihiko T, Nakajima T, Dubovik O, Holben BN, Kinne S (2002) Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model. J Clim 15:333–352
Ul-Haq Z, Tariq S, Ali M (2017) Spatiotemporal patterns of correlation between atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and aerosols over South Asia. Meteorog Atmos Phys 129:507–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-016-0485-6
Ullah S, You Q, Ullah W, Ali A (2018) Observed changes in precipitation in China-Pakistan economic corridor during 1980–2016. Atmos Res 210:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.04.007
Vinoj V, Rasch PJ, Wang H, Yoon JH, Ma PL, Landu K, Singh B (2014) Short-term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust. Nat Geosci 7:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2107
Wiedinmyer C, Yokelson RJ, Gullett BK, (2014) Global Emissions of Trace Gases, Particulate Matter, and Hazardous Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Domestic Waste. Environ Sci Technol 48:9523−9530. https://doi.org/10.1021/es502250z,
Wild O, Zhu XIN, Prather MJ (2000) Fast-J : Accurate Simulation of In- and Below-Cloud Photolysis in Tropospheric Chemical Models. J of Atmospheric Chem 37:245–282
Zeb B, Alam K, Sorooshian A, Chishtie F, Ahmad I, Bibi H (2019) Temporal characteristics of aerosol optical properties over the glacier region of northern Pakistan. J Atmos Solar-Terrestrial Phys 186:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.02.004
Zhao C, Liu X, Leung LR, Hagos S (2011) Radiative impact of mineral dust on monsoon precipitation variability over West Africa. Atmos Chem Phys 11:1879–1893. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1879-2011
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank DAAC NASA team for providing MODIS data and the Principal Investigators, Prof. Brent Holben, and their staff in establishing and maintaining two AERONET sites used in this work. Thanks are due to the GPM, AIRS, and CALIPSO as well as ECMWF science teams for providing data for analysis. The data for model initialization was downloaded from the website https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/index.html, whereas chemical initial and boundary conditions data, biogenic emissions, biomass burning emissions, and programs used to process these data sets were downloaded from the website https://www.acom.ucar.edu/wrf-chem/. The lead author extends sincere gratitude to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) for providing financial assistance for 3 years PhD study as well as the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) for granting study leave, without which this work would not have been possible.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Key Research and development Program of China (2017YFC1501704, 2016YFA0600703) and Projects of Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zhihua Zhang
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, G., Bao, Y., Asmerom, B. et al. Assessment of the simulated aerosol optical properties and regional meteorology using WRF-Chem model. Arab J Geosci 14, 1871 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08238-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08238-1