Abstract
Fractured rock masses possess defects that are extensively developed in nature. Studying the deformation and instability process of fractured rock masses is of great significance for an in-depth understanding of the deformation process and instability modes of slopes with fractured rock masses. In this paper, through field survey of fracture distribution statistics and laboratory triaxial compression tests on field-cored rock specimens, the fracture distribution parameters and the basic physical and mechanical parameters of the rock mass were obtained, and a discrete element model of the fractured rock mass based on the representative element volume (REV) size was developed. The meso-scale deformation and failure characteristics of fractured rock masses under different levels of confining pressure were studied. The results show that the deformation process of fractured rock can be divided into fracture closure stage, quasi-elastic stage, unstable stage of new crack initiations, new crack propagation stage, and fracture crack coalescence stage. As the confining pressure increases, the lateral deformation of the fractured rock mass was impeded, and the overall ductility and strength were improved. Further, the failure mode of the fractured rock mass transitioned from overall tensile failure to shear failure, while new cracks were mainly initiated during the quasi-elastic stage of the stress-strain curve due to the bonding failure of the original fracture surface. In essence, the deformation and failure of fractured rock mass are attributable to the initial bonding failure of the original fracture surface, followed by the failure of the rock mass and the subsequent overall instability of the fractured rock mass. From a mesoscopic perspective, the stress-strain response of a fractured rock mass is the macroscopic manifestation of the evolving interaction between internal normal and tangential stress components. The fabric evolution of the fractured rock mass during the deformation process corresponds to distinct deformation stages. The deformation and failure characteristics of the fractured rock mass resemble and indicate those of the slope, and the design parameters of the slope can be calibrated from those of the fractured rock mass. The findings of this paper are of theoretical and practical significance to better understand the deformation and instability process of slopes with fractured rock masses and obtain design parameters of slope stability.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abi E, Zheng YR, Feng XT, Cong Y (2018) Relationship between particle micro and macro mechanical parameters of parallel-bond model. Yantu Lixue/Rock and Soil Mechanics 39(4):1289–1301. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2016.0900
Bidgoli MN, Zhao Z, Jing L (2013) Numerical evaluation of strength and deformability of fractured rocks. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 5(6):419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.09.002
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Morioka H, Minami M, Maejima T, Tasaka Y, Kurose H (2007) FLAC/PFC coupled numerical simulation of AE in large-scale underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(4):550–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.09.013
Castro-Filgueira U, Alejano LR, Arzúa J, Ivars DM (2017) Sensitivity analysis of the micro-parameters used in a PFC analysis towards the mechanical properties of rocks. Procedia Engineering 191:488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.208
Chen QF, Zheng WS, Niu WJ, Yin TC, Fan QY (2019) Correlation of the geometrical and mechanical size effects of fractured rock masses. J Rock Mech Eng 38(S1):2857–2870. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2017.0988
Discenza ME, Martino S, Bretschneider A, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2020) Influence of joints on creep processes involving rock masses: results from physical-analogue laboratory tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 128:104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104261
Goh CS, Gupta M, Jarfors AEW, Tan MJ, Wei J (2010) Magnesium and aluminium carbon nanotube composites. Key Eng Mater 425:245–261. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net
Guo XX, Chang LS, Li ZT (2019) Simulation analysis of discreate element mothod for jointed rock mass slope in open pit mine. Non ferrous metals (mine part) 71(03):30–33
Huang D, Guo YQ, Zhu TT, Zhang YF (2019) Experimental investigation on shear strength and failure characteristics of sandstone with a single preexisting flaw under unloading normal stress. J Rock Mech Eng 38(07):1297–1306. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.1311
Khani A, Baghbanan A, Norouzi S, Hashemolhosseini H (2013) Effects of fracture geometry and stress on the strength of a fractured rock mass. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 60:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.011
Kulatilake PHSW, Wang S, Stephansson O (1993) Effect of finite size joints on the deformability of jointed rock in three dimensions. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences And 30(5):479–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)92216-D
Kulatilake PHSW, Malama B, Wang J (2001) Physical and particle flow modeling of jointed rock block behavior under uniaxial loading. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(5):641–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00025-9
Lambert C, Coll C (2014) Discrete modeling of rock joints with a smooth-joint contact model. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.12.003
Liakas S, O’Sullivan C, Saroglou C (2017) Influence of heterogeneity on rock strength and stiffness using discrete element method and parallel bond model. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9(4):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.02.003
Liu HY, Su TM (2016) A dynamic damage constitutive model for a rock mass with non-persistent joints under uniaxial compression. Mech Res Commun 77:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2016.08.006
Liu XW, Liu QS, Chen Y, Li Q (2015) Experimental study of effects of fracture type on strength characteristics and failure modes of fractured rockmass. Geotechnical Mechanics 36(S2):208–214. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2015.S2.027
Liu S, Yue W, Wu. (2017) Mechanical and failure characteristics of rock-like material with multiple crossed joint sets under uniaxial compression. Adv Mech Eng 9(7):2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017708710
Liu Q, Liu B, He J (2018) Research on numerical method for crack propagation simulation with consideration of damage effect. J Rock Mech Eng 37(S2):3861–3869. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.0633
Mehranpour MH, Kulatilake PHSW (2017) Improvements for the smooth joint contact model of the particle flow code and its applications. Comput Geotech 87:163–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.02.012
Mehranpour MH, Kulatilake PHSW, Xingen M, He M (2018) Development of new three-dimensional rock mass strength criteria. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(11):3537–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1538-6
Pariseau WG, Puri S, Schmelter SC (2008) A new model for effects of impersistent joint sets on rock slope stability. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45(2):122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.05.001
Potyondy DO (2015) The bonded-particle model as a tool for rock mechanics research and application: Current trends and future directions. Geosystem Eng 18(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2014.998346
Potyondy DO, Cundall PA (2004) A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(8 SPEC.ISS):1329–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011
Rothenburg L, Bathurst RJ (1989) Analytical study of induced anisotropy in idealized granular materials. geotechnique 39(4):601–614. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1989.39.4.601
Shan P, Lai X (2019) Mesoscopic structure PFC∼2D model of soil rock mixture based on digital image. J Vis Commun Image Represent 58:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2018.12.015
Shi C, Yang W, Yang J, Chen X (2019) Calibration of micro-scaled mechanical parameters of granite based on a bonded-particle model with 2D particle flow code. Granul Matter 21(2):38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-019-0889-3
Sun B, Zou CH, Ceng SC, Fang Y, Wang FL (2018) Failure characteristics of rock-like mass with different fracture types under uniaxial compression. J Disaster Prev Mitig Eng 38(06):959–966. https://doi.org/10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.2018.06.009
Tian WL, Yang SQ, Huang YH (2017) P FC2D simulation on crack evolution behavior of brittle sandstone containing two coplanar fissures under different confining pressures. J Disaster Prev Mitig Eng 34(06):1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.13545/j.cnki.jmse.2017.06.026
Wang YH, Ju NP, Zhao JJ, Xiang XQ (2013a) Analysis on formation mechanism of landslide over goaf in gently inclined coal seam. J Eng Geol 21(1):61–68. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2013.01.007
Wang PT, Yang TH, Yu QL, Liu HL, Zhang PH (2013b) On obtaining jointed rock slope geo-parameters and the application of PFC2D. J Min Safe Eng 30(04):560–565
Wu Q, Kulatilake PHSW (2012) REV and its properties on fracture system and mechanical properties, and an orthotropic constitutive model for a jointed rock mass in a dam site in China. Comput Geotech 43:124–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.02.010
Wu Q, Xu Y, Tang H, Fang K, Jiang Y, Liu C, Wang L, Wang X, Kang J (2018) Investigation on the shear properties of discontinuities at the interface between different rock types in the Badong formation, China. Eng Geol 245:280–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.09.002
Xu Z, Li T, Chen G, Ma C, Qiu S, Li Z (2018) The grain-based model numerical simulation of unconfined compressive strength experiment under thermal-mechanical coupling effect. KSCE J Civ Eng 22(8):2764–2775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1228-z
Yang ZY, Chiang DY (2000) An experimental study on the progressive shear behavior of rock joints with tooth-shaped asperities. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(8):1247–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00055-1
Yang X, Kulatilake PHSW, Jing H, Yang S (2015) Numerical simulation of a jointed rock block mechanical behavior adjacent to an underground excavation and comparison with physical model test results. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 50:129–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.07.006
Yao N, Ye YC, Hu B, Wang WQ, Wang QH (2019) Particle flow code modeling of the mechanical behavior of layered rock under uniaxial compression. Arch Min Sci 64(1):181–193. https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2019.126279
Zhang Z, Gao W, Li K, Li B (2020) Numerical simulation of rock mass blasting using particle flow code and particle expansion loading algorithm. Simul Model Pract Theory 104:102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2020.102119
Zhao D, Liu JQ, Guo W (2012) The simulation of cutter-rock interaction in PFC. Appl Mech Mater 170–173:3385–3389. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.170-173.3385
Zhou Y, Sun Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Ding Y (2018) Meso research on mechanical properties and slab failure mechanism of pre-fractured rock mass under the condition of one side restriction loading. Geotechnical Mechanics 39(12):4385–4394. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.2597
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51878673; Nos. 42067046; U1734208; U1934209), the Key Research and Development Program of Chinese Academy of Railway Sciences (Grant No. 2019YJ026), the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures (Grant No. KF2020-03), Graduate Student Innovation Project of Central South University (Grant No. 2019ZZTS623), Startup Research Foundation for High-Level Talents of Guizhou University (Grant No. 2017077), and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guizhou Province (Grant No. ZK2021-128, No. QKH-PTRC20185781).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiaoming, ., Yuanjie, X., Wenbing, S. et al. Research on meso-scale deformation and failure mechanism of fractured rock mass subject to biaxial compression. Arab J Geosci 14, 1390 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07769-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07769-x