Abstract
Bursa located within the western part of Turkey is a rapidly growing and heavily industrialized city, hence a considerable amount of pollutions reaching intolerable levels around the city caused especially by anthropogenic activities. This study aims at finding out causes, intensity, and extent of pollution around the D-90 highway and O-33 motorway. Soil sampling was invoked as the first method to identify and discuss the nature of the pollution. A total of 91 soil samples from 10 different locations were collected away from the roadsides. The samples were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The analytical results were evaluated to understand chemical variability of soil compositions using several multivariate statistical methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). Cluster analysis and PCA clearly reveal three distinct groups of elements as (a) Pb, As, and Cd; (b) Cu, Zn, and Hg; and (c) Ni, Cr, Co, and Mn. Two of these groups (Cd, Pb, and As and Cu, Zn, and Hg) are originated from anthropogenic sources (traffic and industrial activities). Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn elements are reflecting underlying lithology. Soil pollution was investigated with the use of enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and integrated pollution index (IPI) values. The results consistent with the multivariate statistical evaluations demonstrate that soils along the Bursa highway are seriously polluted by toxic trace elements. Lead, As, Cd, Zn, Hg, and Cu are ascertained to be of anthropogenic origin and derived from traffic and industrial activities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhter MS, Madany IM (1993) Heavy metal in street and house dust in Bahrain. Water Air Soil Pollut 66:111–119
Archer A, Barrett RS (1976) Lead levels in Birmingham dust. Sci Total Environ 6:275–286
Aste A, Tsakovski S, Simeonov V, Reisenhofer E, Piselli S, Barbieri P (2008) Multivariate classification and modeling in surface water pollution estimation. Anal Bioanal Chem 390(5):1283–1292
Baptista LF, De Miguel E (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola. A tropical urban environment. Atmos Environ 39(25):4501–4512
Biggins PDE, Harrison RM (1980) Chemical speciation of lead compounds in street dust. Environ Sci Technol 14:336–339
Blaser P, Zimmermann S, Luster J, Shotyk W (2000) Critical examination of trace element enrichments and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Swiss forest soils. Sci Total Environ 80:249–257
BMM Bursa Metropolitan Municipality (2016) www.bursabel.tr
Brumsack HJ (2006) The trace metal content of organic carbon-rich sediments: implications for Cretaceous Black Shale Formation. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 232:344–361
Buat-Menard P, Chesselet R (1979) Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter. Earth Planet Sci Lett 42:398–411
Chen X, Xia X, Zhao Y, Zhang P (2010) Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and correlation with urban traffic in Beijing, China. J Hazard Mater 181:640–646
Chow TJ (1970) Lead accumulation in roadside soil and grass. Environ Sci Technol 225:295–296
Christoforidis A, Stamatis N (2009) Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala’s region, Greece. Geoderma 151:257–263
Dao L, Morrison L, Zhang C (2010) Spatial variation of urban soil geochemistry in a roadside sports ground in Galway, Ireland. Scie Total Environ 408:1076–1084
Day JP (1977) Lead pollution in Christchurch. New Zealand J Sci 20:395–406
Day JP, Hart M, Robinson MS (1975) Lead in urban street dust. Nature 253:343–345
Divrikli V, Soylak M, Elic L, Dogan M (2005) Trace heavy metal levels in street dust samples fromYozgat City Center, Turkey. J Trace Microprobe Tech 21(2):351–361
Duggan MJ, Williams S (1977) Lead in dust in city streets. Sci Total Environ 7:91–97
Duong TTT, Kyu Lee BK (2011) Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics. J Environ Manag 92:554–562
Edwards AL (1976) The correlation coefficient. Ch 4 in: An introduction to linear regression and correlation. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, pp 33–46
Ertürk D (2010) Bursa potential geothermal province. MSC Thesis Süleyman Demirel University. Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences. Department of Geological Engineering, Isparta, pp 85
Farmer JG, Lyon TDB (1977) Lead in Glasgow street dirt and soil. Sci Total Environ 8:89–93
Ferguson JE, Simmonds PR (1983) Heavy metal pollution at an intersection involving a busy urban road in Christchurch, New Zealand, 1. Levels of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in street dust. New Zealand J Sci 26:219–228
Ferguson JE, Hayes RW, Young TX, Thiew SH (1980) Heavy metal pollution by traffic in Christchurch. New Zealand J Sci 23:293–310
Haley VB, Talbot TO (2004) Seasonality and trend in blood lead levels of New York State children. BMC Pediatr 4:8
Harrison RM (1979) Toxic metals in street dust and household dust. Sci Total Environ 11:89–97
Harrison RM, Laxen DPH, Wilson SJ (1971) Chemical associations of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in street dust and roadside soils. Environ Sci Technol 15:1378–1383
Hopke PK, Lamb RE, Natusch DFS (1980) Multielement characterization of urban roadway dust. Environ Sci Technol 4:164–172
Jardine N, Sibson R (1971) Mathematical taxonomy, vol 286. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, London
Kadi MW (2009) “Soil pollution hazardous to environment”: a case study on the chemical composition and correlation to automobile traffic of the roadside soil of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. J Hazard Mater 168:1280–1283
KGM Turkish General Directorate of Highways (2016) www.kgm.gov.tr
Khan MN, Wasim AA, Sarwar A, Rasheed MF (2011) Assessment of heavy metal toxicants in the roadside soil along the N-5, national highway, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 182(1-4):587–595
Knox AS, Gamerdinger AP, Adriano DC, Kokla RK, Kaplan DI (1999) Sources and practices contributing to soil contamination. In: Bioremediation of contaminated soils. American Society of Argonomy Madison. 53 pp.
Lacasse NL (1970) Lead in soil and plants, Its relationship to traffic volume and proximity to highways. Environ Sci Technol 4:237–238
Lindsay WL (1979) Chemical equilibria in soils. Wiley, New York, p 449
Loska K, Wiechula D, Korus I (2004) Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environ Int 30:159–165
Maher BA, Moore C, Matzka J (2008) Spatial variation in vehicle-derived metal pollution identified by magnetic and elemental analysis of roadside tree leaves. Atmos Environ 33:2967–2977
Markus JA, McBratney AB (1996) An urban soil study: heavy metals in Glebe, Australia. Aust J Soil Res 34:453–465
Motto HL, Daniel RH, Chilko DM, Motto CK (1970) Lead in soils and plants: Its relationship to traffic volume and proximity to highways. Environ Sci Technol 4(3):231–237
Nazzal Y, Ghrefat H, Rosen MA (2014) Application of multivariate geostatistics in the investigation of heavy metal contamination of roadside dusts from selected highways of the Greater Toronto area, Canada. Environ Earth Sci 71:1409–1419
Olson KW, Skogerboe RK (2000) Identification of soil lead compounds from automotive sources. Environ Sci Technol 9:277
Öztürk MA, Türkan İ (1982) Lead pollution and plants. Nature People 16:32–35
Pacyna JM., Winchesler JW (1990) Contamination of the global environment as observed in the Arctic. Palaeogeor Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 82:149–57
Quevauviller P, Lavigne R, Cortez L (1989) Impact of industrial and mine drainage wastes on the heavy metal distribution in the drainage basin estuary of the Sado River (Portugal). Environ Pollut 59:267–86
Rasmussen PE, Subramanian KS, Jessiman BJ (2001) A multi-element profile of housedust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Sci Total Environ 267:125–140
Reimann C, de Caritat P (2000) Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors in environmental geochemistry. Environ Sci Technol 34:5084–5091
Schiff KC, Weisberg SB (1999) Iron as a reference element for determining trace metal enrichment in Southern California coastal shelf sediments. Mar Environ Res 48:161–76
Sezgin N, Özcan HK, Demir G, Nemlioğlu S, Bayat C (2003) Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway. Environ Int 29:979–985
Solomon RL, Hartford JW (1976) Lead and cadmium in dusts and soils in a small urban community. Environ Sci Technol 10:773–777
Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment-associated trace metal in urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol 39:611–627
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 3:165–241
TUPRAŞ Turkish Petroleum Refineries Corp (n.d.), http://www.tupras.com.tr/
Türkecan A, Yurtsever A (2002) . Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.
Ward NI, Brooks RR, Roberts E, Boswell CR (1977) Heavy metal pollution from automotive emissions and its effect on roadside soils and pasture species in New Zealand. Environ Sci Technol 11:917–920
Wawer M, Magiera T, Ojha G, Appel E, Kusza G, Hu S, Basavaiah N (2015) Traffic-related pollutants in roadside soils of different countries in Europa and Asia. Water Air Soil Pollut 226:216
Wei B, Yang L (2010) A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 94:99–107
Werkenthin M, Kluge B, Wessolek G (2014) Metals in European roadside soils and soil solution-a review. Environ Pollut 189:98–110
Yongming H, Peixuan D, Junji C, Posmentier E (2006) Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts in Xian, central China. Sci Total Environ 355:176–186
Zaharescu DG, Hooda PS, Soler AP, Fernandez J, Burghelea CI (2009) Trace metals and their source in the catchment of the high altitude Lake Respomuso, Central Pyrences. Sci total Environ 407:3546–3553
Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ding M, Li L (2015) Identification of traffic-related metals and the effects of different environments on their enrichment in roadside soils along the Qinghai–Tibet highway. Sci Total Environ 521-522:160–172
Acknowledgments
Chemical analyses were conducted at the Acme Laboratories in Canada.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project Commission of Karadeniz Technical University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial handling: Fernando Al Pacheco
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yaylalı-Abanuz, G. Application of multivariate statistics in the source identification of heavy-metal pollution in roadside soils of Bursa, Turkey . Arab J Geosci 12, 382 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4545-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4545-3