Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Middle Eocene echinoids from El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib stretch, Eastern Desert, Egypt: systematics, stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Twenty-two echinoid species (5 regular and 17 irregular) belonging to 14 genera, 10 families, 5 orders, and 3 subclasses are identified from the Middle Eocene succession cropping out in El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib stretch, Eastern Desert. The echinoid fauna studied herein came from four sections: Gebel ElMehasham, South Gebel ElMehasham, Gebel ElMereir, and Gebel Qarara sections. The studied succession consists of three formations, from base to top Muweilih, Midawara, and Sath ElHadid, spanning the Middle Eocene (Lutetian and Bartonian), Lower-Middle Mokattamian (levels MK3 to MK6). The highest species diversity is recorded in the Midawara Formation (21 species), while the Muweilih Formation is barren of echinoid species. Four species are recorded for the first time in the studied area: Echinolampas cf. bastai Elattaar and Strougo 2001; Schizaster isidis Stefanini Boll Soc Geol Ital 38:39–63, 1919; Gillechinus humei (Fourtau 1908); and Eupatagus lefebvrei (de Loriol Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 27:58–148, 1880). One species consider to be new, Schizaster sp. (n. sp). Thirteen species are endemic to Egypt, and nine are common elsewhere in the world, in some countries of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Predation and malformation in growth are observed in two species: Schizaster humei Fourtau Mémoires de l’Institut Egyptien 6(2):93–175, 1909b and Eupatagus cossmanni (Lambert Mém Soc Géol Fr, Paléontol 9:1–57, 1902) as a shallow infaunal species. All the identified echinoid fauna herein has been examined and systematically described with the aim to know their stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel Tawab S (1994) A geotechnical evaluation of El-Minia-Maghagha area, upper Egypt. J King Abdulaziz Univ, Earth Sci 7:143–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abed MM, Ali MS (1981) Lower Eocene echinoids from Gebel Gurnah, Luxor, Egypt. Mansoura Sci Bull, Mansoura Univ (1980/1981) 8:309–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Agassiz L (1835) Prodrome d’une monographie des Radiaires ou Échinodermes. Mém Soc Sci Nat Neuchâtel 1:168–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Agassiz L (1836) Prodrome d’une monographie des Radiaires ou Échinodermes. Mém Soc Sci Nat Neuchâtel pp 168–199

  • Agassiz L (1840) Catalogus systematicus Ectyporum Echinodermatum fossilium Musei Neocomiensis, secundum ordinem zoologicum dispositus; adjectis synonymis recentioribus, necnon stratis et locis in quibus reperiuntur. Sequuntur characteres diagnostici generum novorum vel minus cognitorum. Petitpierre, Neuchâtel 20 p

  • Agassiz L, Desor PJE (1846-1847) Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres et des espèces de la classe des Échinodermes. Ann Sci Nat, Troiséme Série 3, Zoologie 6 (1846), 305–374, pls 15–16; 7 (1847), 129–168; 8 (1847), 5–35, 355–380

  • Airaghi C (1934) Echinidi paleogenici della Sirtica e del Fezzan orientale– Missione Scientifica della Reale Accademia d'Italia a Cufra 3:63–81

  • Airaghi C (1939) Echinidi cretacici e terziari della regione di Orfella e della Sirtica– Annali del Museo Libico di Storia Naturale 1:253–286

  • Ali MSM (2017) Middle Eocene echinoids from Gebel Qarara, Maghagha, Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 133:46–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MSM, Azab MM (1986) A comparative statistical analysis of the Middle Eocene echinoid Echinocyamus polymorpha (Duncan and Sladen, 1882) in Egypt and Somalia. 11th international Congress for Statistics, Computer Science, Social and Demogr Res, Cairo, 1986, Scientific Computing Center, Ain Shams University pp 157–170

  • Azab MM (1984) Biostratigraphy of the middle Eocene in Upper Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Ain Shams University, Egypt. (Unpublished)

  • Azab MM (1989) A new Ditremaster species (Spatangoida: Echinoidea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt. Earth science series, Middle East research center Ain Shams University, Cairo 3:179–183

  • Azab MM (1992) Biostratigraphy of echinoids in Mokattamian stage of Egypt (middle and upper Eocene). Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 6:29–43

  • Azab MM, Elattaar AA (1992) On some echinoids from lower Eocene (Libyan) rocks of upper Egypt (Sohag-Mallawi area). El-Minia. Sci Bull 5(2):45–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Azab MM, Elattaar AA (1999) Paleocene/Lower Eocene echinoids of Egypt. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Geology of the Arab World (GAW 4), Cairo (Cairo University), Egypt 21–25 Feb, (1998), 2:837–872

  • Bassiouni MA, Boukhary MA, Abdelmalik WM (1980) Litho-and biostratigraphy of middle and upper Eocene rocks in the Minia-Beni Suef reach of the NileValley, Egypt. Ann Min Geol,Tunis 28(3):101–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadnell HJL (1905) The topography and geology of the Fayum Province of Egypt. Geological Survey of Egypt, Cairo 101 p

  • Beydoun ZR (1966) Geology of the Arabian peninsula. Eastern Aden protectorate and part of Dhufar. United States geological survey, Professional Paper 560-H, 49 p

  • Bishay Y (1961) Biostratigraphic study of the Eocene in the Eastern Desert between Samalut and Assiut by the larger foraminifera. Third Arab Petroleum Congress, Alexandria 7 p

  • Bishay Y (1966) Studies on the larger foraminifera of the Eocene of the Nile Valley between Assiut, Cairo and S.W. Sinai. Ph D Thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt. (Unpublished)

  • Bittner A (1880) Beiträge zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Echinidenfaunen der Südalpen. Beitr Paläontol und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients 1(1):1–68, 8 pls, Wien

  • Blanckenhorn M (1900) Neues zur Geologie und Palaeontologie Aegyptens, II Das Palaeogen (Eozaen und Oligozaen). Z Dtsch Geol Ges 52:402–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodelle J, Campredon R, Villoutreys O (1970) Répartition stratigraphique de certains Echinides éocènes des Alpes méridionales (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence et Alpes-Maritimes franvo-italiennes). Bull Bur Rech Géol Min 2(2):27–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Boukhary MA, Abdulla AY (1985) Stratigraphy and petrology of the Eocene rocks at Maghagha (east and west), Nile Valley, Egypt. Qatar Univ Sci Bull 5:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Boukhary MA, Toumarkine M, Khalifa H, Aref M (1982) Etude biostratigraphique a l’aide des foraminiferes planctoniques et des ostracodes de l'Éocène de Beni Mazar, Vallee du Nil. Egypte 8 eme Colloque Africain de Micropaleontologie 3:53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Boukhary MA, Guernet C, Strougo A, Bassiouni MA, Bignot G, Abdel Ghany O (1993) Eocene ostracodes of Mingar El Rayan (Fayoum district, Egypt); stratigraphic and paleogeographic implication. Rev Micropaleontol 36(3):191–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Boukhary MA, Strougo A, Merdas L (2000) Nummulites remissus, a new species from the lower Lutetian of ElSheikh Fadle, Nile Valley, Egypt. Revue de Micropaleontologie 43(1):17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt JF (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. Fascic. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil Actes de l'Acadadémie impériale des Science de St Pétersbourg 1834, pp 201–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronn HG (1860) Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. ZweiterBand. Actinozoen. C.F. Winter’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig and Heidelberg 434 p

  • Carter BD, Hamza F (1994) Substrate preferences and biofacies distributions of Egyptian Eocene echinoids. Palaios 9:237–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checchia-Rispoli G (1941) Osservazioni su alcuni generi di Antillasterinae. Rendiconti del'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, (7)2:388–393, figs 1–2, pl 1

  • Claus CFW (1876) Grundzüge der Zoologie. 3rd edition. N. G. Elwertsche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Marburg and Leipzig 1254 p

  • Claus CFW (1880) Grundzüge der Zoologie. 4th edition. N. G. Elwertsche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Marburg and Leipzig vol 1, vii + 821 p, vol 2, iv + 522 p

  • Collignon M (1930) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der eozanen Echiniden-fauna des Krappfeldes (Karnten). Jahrb Geol Bundesanst 80(3–4):541–570 pls 31–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotteau GH (1856) Sur un série d’Échinides provenant des terrains Jurassiques et Crétacés du département de la Sarthe. Bull Soc Géol Fr 2(13):646–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotteau GH (1880) Description des Échinides tertiaires de la Belgique. Mémoires couronnés et Mémoires des Savants étrangers de l’Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique 43:1–90, 6 pls

  • Cotteau GH (1882–1887) Ećhinides nouveaux ou peu connus. 2e série, articles 1–6. (Extraits du Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France). Paris, 1882: 1–19, pls 1–2 (Nos 1–18); 1883: 21–35, pls 3–4 (Nos 19–28); 1884: 37–51, pls 5–6 (Nos 29–36); 1885: 53–66, pls 7–8 (Nos 37–45); 1886: 69–89, pls 9–10 (Nos 46–55); 1887: 91–103, pls 11–12 (Nos 56–62)

  • Cronin TM, Khalifa H (1979) Middle and late Eocene Ostracoda from Gebel El Mereir, Nile Valley, Egypt. Micropaleontology 25(4):397–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuvillier J (1924) Contribution a l’etude geologique du Mokattam. Bull l'Institut d'Egypte 6:93–102

    Google Scholar 

  • De Loriol P (1863) Description de deux échinides nouveaux de l’étage nummulitiques de’Ëgypte. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 17(1):103–107 1 pl

    Google Scholar 

  • De Loriol P (1880) Monographie des echinides contenus dans les couches nummulitiques de l’Egypte. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 27:58–148 pls 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • De Loriol P (1881) Eocane Echinoideen aegypten und der Libyschen Wuste. Palaeontographica 30:1–60 11 pls, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • De Loriol P (1897) Description de quelques échinodermes. Appendice à la note de M. E. Pellat sur le Burdigalien supérieur. Bull Soc Géol Fr 3(25)1:115–129, 1 pl, Paris

  • Desor E (1855–1858) Synopsis des échinides fossiles. Reinwald, Paris, lxviii + 490 p, 44 pls

  • Duncan PM, Sladen WP (1882-1886) Fossil Echinoidea of Western Sind and the Coast of Biluchistan and of the Persian Gulf, from Tertiary Formations. Palaeontologica Indica, Series 14(1)3:1–382, 58 pls

  • Durham JW, Melville RV (1966) Superorder Echinacea Claus, 1876. In (Moore R.C., ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology; Geological Society of America, Boulder and University of Kansas, Lawrence, Part U, Echinodermata 3(2):375–437

  • Durham JW, Fell HB, Fischer AG, Kier PM, Melville RV, Pawson DL, Wagner CD (1966) Echinoids. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3. Geological Society of America, Boulder and University of Kansas, Lawrence, pp 211–695

    Google Scholar 

  • El Dawy MH (1997) Middle Eocene benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of East Beni Mazar area, Nile Valley Egypt. Egypt J Geol 41(1):413–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Elattaar AA (1990) Eocene Macropaleontology and Biostratigraphy of Sohag-Mallawi District-Egypt. M Sc Thesis, Faculty of Science (Sohag), Assiut University, (Unpublished), 166 p

  • Elattaar AA (1996) Paleocene/Lower Eocene Echinoids of Egypt: A Revision. Ph D Thesis, Faculty of Science (Sohag), South Valley University, (Unpublished), 310 p

  • Elattaar AA, Seddik AA (2017) The bivalve Fauna of the Eocene succession of the Maghagha area, east and west of the Nile Valley Egypt. Egypt J Geol 61:521–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Elattaar AA, Strougo A (2001) Echinoids from the lower and upper Eocene of Sinai. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo15:61–78

  • Elewa AMT (1994) Biostratigraphical studies of Eocene rocks of the El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib stretch, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Minia University, Egypt. (Unpublished)

  • Elewa AMT (1997) Ostracod assemblages from the middle Eocene of the western bank of the Nile Valley between Samalut and Beni Mazar, upper Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, Stuttgart 204(3):353–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Faris M, Strougo A (1992) Biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils across the middle Eocene/upper Eocene boundary in Egypt. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 6:86–99

  • Fell HB (1964) Oligocene echinoids from the Trelissic Basin, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Zoology) 4:201–205, pls 1–4

  • Fell HB (1966) Cidaroids. In: Moore RC (Ed), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part U. Echinodermata. Geological Soc Am University Kansas Press, Lawrence 3(2):U312-U340

  • Fischer AG (1966) Spatingoids. In: Moore RC (ed): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part U. Echinodermata. Geological Soc America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence 3 (2):U543-U628

  • Fourtau R (1899) Révision des échinides fossiles de l’Egypte. Mémoires présentés a l’Institut Égyptien, Le Caire 3:605–740, 4 pls

  • Fourtau R (1900) Notes Sur les Echinides fossiles de l’Egypte, 1. Bulletin de I’Institut d’Egypte pp 1–70, pls 1–4

  • Fourtau R (1901) Notes sur les echinides fossiles de l’Egypte. Bulletin de l’Institut Egypte 4(2):31–117 pls 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourtau R (1902) Notes pour servir a létude des Echinides fossiles d’Egypte. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 4 Série, (1901):623–626

  • Fourtau R (1905a) Notes sur les échinides fossiles de l’Egypte. Bulletin de l’Institut Egyptien, (4), 5 (1904):121–140

  • Fourtau R (1905b) Sur quelques "Spatangidae" de l’Eocene d’Egypt: Association Francaise pour l‘Avancement des Sciences. Comptes Rendus 33:602–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourtau R (1908) Sur quelques échinides éocènes d’Egypte nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien (5), 1 (1907):205–220

  • Fourtau R (1909a) Note sur les échinides fossiles recueillis par M. Teilhard de Chardin dans l'Eocène des environs de Minieh. Bulletin de l’Institut Egyptien (5), 2 (1908):122–155

  • Fourtau R (1909b) Description des échinides fossiles recueillis par MM. W.F. Hume et John A. Ball dans le Désert Libyque et le nord du Désert Arabique. Mémoires de l’Institut Egyptien 6(2):93–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourtau R (1912) Note sur les échinides fossiles de l’Egypte. Bulletin de l’Institut Egyptien (5), 5 (1911):137–176

  • Fourtau R (1913) Catalogue des invertébrés fossiles de l’Egypte représentés dans les collections du Geological Museum au Caire. Terrains tertiaires, 1re partie: Echinides éocènes. Geological Survey of Egypt. Palaeontological Series 1:93

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourtau R (1916) The divisions of the Eocene of Egypt as determined by the succession of the echinid faunas. Geol Mag 6(3):64–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfuss GA (1830) Petefacta Gemaniæ tam Ea, quae in Museo Universitatis Regiae Borussicae Fridericiae Wilhelmiae Rhenanae servantur quam alia quaecunque in Museis Hoeninghusiano Muensteriano aliisque extant Iconibus et Descriptionibus Iillustrata 1(2):77–164 (Arnz and Company, Düsseldorf)

  • Gray JE (1825) An attempt to divide the Echinida, or sea eggs, into natural families. Ann Philos 10:423–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray JE (1851) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Spatangidae in the British museum. Ann Mag Nat Hist 2(7):130–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray JE (1855) Catalogue of the Recent Echinida, or Sea Eggs, in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Echinida Irregularia. Woodfall and Kinder, London 69 p

  • Gregory JW (1898) A collection of Egyptian fossil Echinoidea. Geol Mag (4)5:149–161, pls 5–6

  • Gregory JW (1906) Fossil Echinoidea from Sinai and Egypt. Geol Mag 5(3):216–227 246–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeckel E (1896) Systematische Phylogenie der wirbellosen Thiere (Invertebrata). Vol. 2. Georg Reimer Verlag, Berlin xviii + 720 p

  • Haggag MAY, Anan HS (1987) Middle Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the Maghagha area, Egypt. Ain Shams Sci Bull(B) 25:149–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegab OA, Abd El-Wahed AG (2016) Origin of the glauconite from the middle Eocene, Qarara formation, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 123:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hume WE (1911) The effect of the secular oscillation in Egypt during cretaceous and Eocene periods. Q J Geol Soc, London 67:118–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iskander F (1943) Geological survey of the Gharaq El Sultani sheets no. 68/54. Standard oil company, Egypt S. A., Report no 57:1–29

  • Item id: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (France) Collection n.d.: Exogenous rocks (GG) Set of 3 fossil specimens MNHN-GG-GG2003–16167 https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/gg/item/gg2003-16167

  • Jackson RT (1912) Phylogeny of the echini with a revision of Palaeozoic species. Memoirs of the Boston society of Nat HistNatural History 7:1–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Janin MC, Bignot G, Strougo A, Toumarkine M (1993) Worldwide discoaster ray number variability at the early middle Eocene boundary. Implications for the neritic sequences of the Nile Valley (Egypt). Newsl Stratigr 28(2–3):157–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalifa MA (1981) Geological and sedimentological studies of west Beni Mazar area, south El Fayum Province, Western Desert, Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Cairo University (Unpublished)

  • Khalifa H, Cronin TM (1979) Ostracodes de l'Eocene moyen de El Sheikh Fadl, est de Beni Mazar, Haute Egypte. Rev Micropaleontol 22(3):172–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Kier PM (1957) Tertiary Echinoidea from British Somaliland. J Paleontol 31(5):839–902

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopp KO (1965) Geologie Thrakiens III: Das Tertiaer zwischen Rhodope und Evros, Annales Géologiques des Pays Hellénique 16:315–362, 3 figs, 6 pls

  • Kroh A (2013a) Echinoidea incertae sedis. Accessed through: world register of marine species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=179651

  • Kroh A (2013b) Micrasterina incertae sedis. In: Kroh, A, Mooi, R (2017). World Echinoidea Database. Accessed at http://marinespecies.org/Echinoidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=512930

  • Kroh A (2013c) Gillechinus fell, 1964. In: Kroh, a, Mooi, R (2017). World Echinoidea database. Accessed through: world register of marine species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737651

  • Kroh A, Smith AB (2010) The phylogeny and classification of post-Paleozoic echinoids. J Syst Palaeontol 8(2):147–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert J (1900) Étude sur quelques Échinides de l’Infra-Lias et du Lias. Bull Soc Sci Hist Nat de l’Yonne 52(for 1899):3–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert J (1902) Description des Echinides de la Province de Barcelone. fasc. 1. Mém Soc Géol Fr, Paléontol 9:1–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert J (1905) Notes sur quelques Échinides éocéniques de l’Aude et de l’Hérault pp 129–164 in L. Doncieux (ed.) Catalogue descriptif des fossiles nummulitiques de l’Aude et de l’Hérault. Annales de l’Université de Lyon, Nouv Ser, I. Sciences, Médecine 17:129–164

  • Lambert J (1920) Sur quelques generes nouveaux d’échinides. Mémoires de la Société Académique d’Agriculture des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres du Département de l’Aube 3(55):145–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert J (1932) Étude sur les échinides fossiles du nord de l’Arfrique. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série, Mémoire 7(16):109–228

  • Lambert J, Thiéry P (1909–1925) Essai de Nomenclature Raisonnée des Echinides. L. Ferriére, Chaumont, fasc. 1, iiii, 1–80, pls 1–2 [March 1909]; fasc. 2, 81–160, pls 3–4 [July 1910]; fasc. 3, 161–240, pls 5–6 [May 1911]; fasc. 4, 241–320, pls 7–8 [March 1914]; fasc. 5, 321–384, pl. 9 [Sept. 1921]; fasc. 6–7, 385–512, pls 10–11, 14 [Dec. 1924]; fasc. 7–8, 513–607, pls 12, 13, 15 [Feb. 1925]

  • Latreille PA (1825) Familles naturelles du régne animal. Baillière, Paris 570 p

  • Leske NG (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis disposition echinodermatum, edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. G. E. Beer, Leipzig xxii + 278 p

  • Lovén S (1868) Om Leskia mirabilis Gray. Öfversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens, Förhandlingar 24 [for 1867], 431–440

  • Markov AV, Solovjev AN (2001) Echinoids of the family Paleopneustidae (Echinoidea, Spatangoida), morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny. Geos–Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Rossikaia Akademia Nauk 280:1–108 [In Russian]

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara KJ, Melikov OH (2002) The asterostomatid echinoid Antillaster from the Paradash group (middle Eocene) of the Nakhichevan region of Azerbaijan. Records Western Australian Museum 21(2):157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melville RV, Durham JW (1966) Skeletal Morphology In: MOORE, RC (ed): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, U. Echinodermata. 3(1):U220-U257, figs 163–196, Boulder, Company and Lawrence, KS (GSA and Kansas University Press)

  • Mikuž V, Bartol M, Šoster A (2014) The Eocene Sea urchins from vicinity of Gračišćenear Pazin in central Istria. Croatia Folia Biologica et Geologica 55(1):5–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Munier-Chalmas ECP (1882) Genre Oriolampas. 369 p. in E. Hébert (ed.) Sur Ie groupe nummulitigue du midi de la France. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 3(10):369 p

  • Omara S, Mansour HH, Youssef M, Khalifa H (1977) Stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and structural features of the area east of Beni Mazar, upper Egypt. Bull Fac Sci, Assiut Univ 6(3):171–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelsum MV (1774) Brief aan … C. Nozeman … over de Gewelv-Slekken of Zee-Engeln. Waar achter gevoegd zyn twee beschrijvingen, de eene van zekere Soort van Zee-Wier; die andere van Maaden, in eene vuile Verzweeringe gewonden. Arrenberg, Rotterdam 145 p

  • Pomel A (1883) Classification méthodique et genera des Échinides vivante et fossiles. Théses présentées á la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur és Sciences Naturelles 503. Aldolphe Jourdan, Alger 131 p

  • Poretskaja ES (1974) Echinodermata, Echinoidea. In: Atlas de la faune fossile de la R. S. S. d’Arménie. Erevan, Izdatelistvo A. N. Armianskoi S. S. R. (en russe), pp 360–368, 5 pls

  • Roman J (1976) Echinides éocènes et miocènes du Qatar (Golfe Persique). Annales de Paléontologie (Invertébrés) 62(1):49–85, 13 figs

  • Roman J, Gorodiski A (1959) Echinides Eocénes du Sénégal. Notes du Service de Géologie et de Prospection Miniére (Dakar) 3:1–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman J, Strougo A (1988) Echinoïdes de l'étage Mokattamien (Eocène moyen et supérieur) de la région du Grand Caire (Egypte). Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, sér. 4, 10(C/2):137–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman J, Strougo A (1994) Echinoïdes du Libyen (Eocène inférieur) d’Egypte. Rev Paléobiol 13(1):29–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman J, Platel JP, Roger J (1992) Echinoïdes Crétacés et Paléogènes du Sud-Est de l’Arabie (Dhofar, Sultanat d’Oman). Actes du 115e Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes, Avignon, 1990, Géololgie africaine pp 71–87

  • Said R (1990) Cenozoic. In (Said, R., ed.) The geology of Egypt, pp 451–486, Balkema

  • Sapoundjieva V (1964) Les Fossiles de Bulgarie. VIb. Paléogène Echinoidea. Académie des Sciences de Bulgarie, Sofia pp 1–64

  • Smith AB (1981) Implications of lantern morphology for the phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Palaeontology 24:779–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith AB (1984) Echinoid Palaeobiology. Allen and Unwin, London, x + 190 p

  • Smith A. B, Kroh A. (editor) (2011a) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. available online at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=1126. Accessed 26 Marsh 2017

  • Smith A.B, Kroh A. (editor) (2011b) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/Taxonjsp?id=1211. Accessed 26 Marsh 2017

  • Smith A.B, Kroh A. (editor) (2011c) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. available online at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=355. Accessed 26 Marsh 2017

  • Smith A.B, Kroh A. (editor) (2011d) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. available online at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=352. Accessed 26 Marsh 2017

  • Smith A.B, Kroh A. (editor) (2011e) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. available online at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=355. Accessed 26 Marsh 2017

  • Smith AB, Wright CW (1989) British cretaceous echinoids. Part 1, general introduction and Cidaroida. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 141(578):1–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefanini G (1919) Echinidi cretacei e terziari d’Egitto raccolti da Antonio Figari Bey (Parte seconda). Boll Soc Geol Ital 38:39–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockley B, Smith AB, Littlewood T, Lessios HA, MacKenzie-Dodds JA (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of spatangoid sea urchins (Echinoidea), taxon sampling density and congruence between morphological and molecular estimates. Zool Scr 34:447–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strougo A (1985a) Additions to the Eocene Bivalvia of Egypt. Neues Jahrb Geol Palaontol Abh 170(3):359–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Strougo A (1985b) Eocene stratigraphy of the eastern greater Cairo (Gebel Mokattam–Helwan) area. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 5:1–39

  • Strougo A (1985c) Eocene stratigraphy of the Giza pyramids plateau. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 5:79–99

  • Strougo A (1986) Mokattamian stratigraphy of eastern Maghagha–El Fashn district. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 6:33–58

  • Strougo A (1988) Mokattamian Bivalvia of greater Cairo: an annotated list. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 2:29–48

  • Strougo A (1992) The middle Eocene/upper Eocene transition in Egypt reconsidered. In h. Luterbacher (ed.), Paleogene Stages and Their Boundaries, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart 186:71–89

  • Strougo A (1996) The lower Libyan stratigraphic succession in Farafra and Nile Valley: a new correlation. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 10:53–74

  • Strougo A (2002) The bivalve fauna of the Muweilih formation (lower Mokattamian: middle Eocene) in the Minia-Maghagha stretch, east side of the Nile River, Egypt. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 16:115–140

  • Strougo A (2008) The Mokattamian stage: 125 years later. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 22:47–108

  • Strougo A, Azab MM (1982) Middle Eocene Mollusca from the basal beds of Gebel Qarara (upper Egypt), with remarks on the depositional environment of these beds. N Jb Geol Palaont Monatsh 11:667–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Strougo A, Azab MM (1991) Bivalve Molluscs from a Lower Mokattamian (Middle Eocene) Shell Bed at the Base of the Midawara Formation of Gebel El Mehasham, Magahaga Area In: Earth Sci Series, 5. Middle East Research Center, Ain Shams University, pp 95–119

  • Strougo A, Elattaar AA (2005) Middle Eocene echinoids of southern Fayum, Egypt. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo 19:59–85

  • Strougo A, Elattaar AA (2012) Restudy of the Eocene echinoid Schizaster vicinalis var. libycus Fourtau, 1908, and biostratigraphic evaluation of the species of Schizaster in the mokattamian stage (middle and late Eocene) of Egypt. Egypt J Paleontol 12:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Strougo A, Hottinger L (1987) Biostratigraphic significance of some larger foraminifera from lower and upper Eocene rocks of Egypt. Earth science series, Middle East research center, Ain Shams University, Cairo1:35–47

  • Strougo A, Bignot G, Boukhary M, Blondeau A (1990) The upper Libyan (possibly Ypresian) carbonate platform in the Nile Valley, Egypt: biostratigraphic problems and paleoenvironments. Rev Micropaléontol, Paris 33(1):54–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas P, Gauthier V (1889) Description des échinides fossiles recueillis en 1885 et 1886 dans la région sud des Hauts-Plateaux de la Tunisie par M. Philippe Thomas. Exploration Scientifique de la Tunisie, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale 116 p

  • Zittel KA (1879) Echinodermata. Handbuch der Paläontologie: Paläozoologie. Vol. 1. Pt. 1. R. Oldenbourg, München and Leipzig pp 308–560

  • Zittel KA (1883) Beitrage zur Geologie und paleontology der Libyschen Wuste Und der angrenzenden gebiete von Aegypten. Paleontographica, Stuttgart 30:1–12

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Sohag Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

    Atef Abdelhamied Elattaar

Authors
  1. Atef Abdelhamied Elattaar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Atef Abdelhamied Elattaar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elattaar, A.A. Middle Eocene echinoids from El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib stretch, Eastern Desert, Egypt: systematics, stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography. Arab J Geosci 11, 303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3636-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3636-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation