Abstract
In this paper, a comparative experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different fiber types on strength of lime-stabilized clay. In this scope, a series of unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out on specimens including basalt and polypropylene fiber compacted under Standard Proctor effort (i.e., 35% by weight of soil). The effects of curing period (1, 7, 28, and 90 days), fiber type (basalt and polypropylene), fiber content (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1%), fiber length (6, 12, and 19 mm), and lime content (0 and 9%) on strength properties were investigated. The results revealed that both basalt and polypropylene fibers increased the strength without inclusion of lime. For specimens including lime, strength of polypropylene fiber-reinforced specimens was remarkably higher than that reinforced with basalt fiber for lime-stabilized clay. However, greatest strength improvement was obtained by use of 0.75% basalt fiber of 19 mm length with 9% lime content after 90-day curing. Additionally, results of strength tests on specimens including 3 and 6% lime and 12-mm basalt fiber after 1, 7, 28, and 90-day curing were presented. It is evident that the use of 6-mm basalt fiber and 12-mm polypropylene fiber were the best options; however, efficiency of fiber inclusion is subject to change by varying lime contents. It was also observed that the secant modulus was increased by use of lime; however, strength of the correlations among secant modulus and unconfined compressive strength values was decreased by increasing amount of lime for specimens including both basalt and polypropylene fibers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al Adili A, Azzam R, Spagnoli G, Schrader J (2012) Strength of soil reinforced with fiber materials (papyrus). Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 48(6):241–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-012-9154-z
ASTM D698-07. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2007). https://doi.org/10.1520/D0698-07
ASTM D854-14. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2014). https://doi.org/10.1520/D0854-14
ASTM D2166 / D2166M-16. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1520/D2166_D2166M-16
ASTM D4318-10. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of soils. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-10
Attom MF, Al-Tamimi AK (2010) Effects of polypropylene fibers on the shear strength of sandy soil. Int J Geosci, May 2010:44–50. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2010.11006
Bell FG, Coulthard JM (1990) Stabilization of clay soils with lime. Mun Eng 7:125–140
Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Eng Geo 42(4):223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2
Boardman DI, Glendinning S, Rogers CDF (2001) Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime-clay mixes. Géotechnique 6:533–543. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.6.533
Bozyigit I, Tanrınıan N, Karakan E, Sezer A, Erdoğan D, Altun S (2017) Dynamic behavior of a clayey sand reinforced with polypropylene fiber. Acta Phys Pol A 132(3):674–678. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.132.674
Cai Y, Shi B, Ng CWW, Tang CS (2006) Effect of polypropylene fibre and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil. Eng Geol 87(3–4): 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.007
Celaya M, Veisi M, Nazarian S, Puppala A (2011) Accelerated design process of lime-stabilized clays. Geo-Frontiers:4468–4478. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)457
Chen M, Shen SL, Arulrajah A, Wu HN, Hou DW, Xu YS (2015) Laboratory evaluation on the effectiveness of polypropylene fibers on the strength of fiber-reinforced and cement-stabilized Shanghai soft clay. Geotex Geomembranes 43(6): 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.05.004
Correia AAS, Venda Oliveira PJ, Custódio DG (2015) Effect of polypropylene fibres on the compressive and tensile strength of a soft soil, artificially stabilised with binders. Geotext Geomembr 43(2):97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.11.008
Dhand V, Mittal G, Rhee KY, Park S, Hui D (2015) A short review on basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B 73:166–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011
Dhé, P. Tipping crucible for basalt, United States patent, no: 1462446A, Dated 17 July 1923
Fiore V, Scalici T, Di Bella G, Valenza A (2015) A review on basalt fibre and its composites. Compos Part B 74:74–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.034
Gao L, Hu G, Xu N, Fu J, Xiang C, Yang C (2015) Experimental study on unconfined compressive strength of basalt fiber reinforced clay soil. Adv Mater Sci Eng 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/561293
Hausmann MR (1990) Engineering principles of ground modification. McGraw-Hil Book Co, Singapore
Hilt GH, Davidson DT (1964) Lime fixation of clayey soils. High Res Board Bull 262, Washington, DC:20–32
Jiang CH, McCarthy TJ, Chen D, Dong QQ (2010a) Influence of basalt fiber on performance of cement mortar. Key Eng Mat 426–427:93–96. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.426-427.93
Jiang H, Cai Y, Liu J (2010b) Engineering properties of soils reinforced by short discrete polypropylene fiber. J Mat Civil Eng 22(12):1315–1322. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000129
Kabay N (2014) Abrasion resistance and fracture energy of concretes with basalt fiber. Cons Build Mat 50: 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.040
Li W, Xu J (2009) Impact characterization of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete using a 100-mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar. Mater Sci Eng A 513–514(C):145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.02.033
Liu P (2003) Test and study into strengthening technique of overwet and high liquid limit soil subbase. Mun Eng Tech 21(2):97–102 (in Chinese).
Morova N (2013) Investigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mix asphalt concrete. Const Build Mat 47: 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.048
Nazarov M, Noh DY (2011) New generation of europium and terbium activated phosphors: from syntheses to applications. CRC Press, USA
Ndepete CP, Sert S (2016) Use of basalt fibers for soil improvement. Acta Phys Pol A 130(1):355–356. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.130.355
Olgun M (2013) Effects of polypropylene fiber inclusion on the strength and volume change characteristics of cement-fly ash stabilized clay soil. Geosynth Int: 20(4):263-275. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.13.00016
Ozturk, S., Engineerıng properties of kaolinite clay reinforced with polypropylene fibers, M.Sc. dissertation, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 2007
Plé O, Lê TNH (2012) Effect of polypropylene fiber-reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of silty clay. Geotext Geomembr 32:111–116
Rogers C, Glendinning S (2000) Lime requirement for stabilization. Trans Res Board 1721:9–18. https://doi.org/10.3141/1721-02
Senol A, Etminan E, Yildirim H, Olgun CG (2013) Improvement of high and low plasticity clayey soils using polypropylene fibers and fly ash. In: International conference on sustainable design, engineering and construction, 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412688.060
Sezer Gİ, Yazıcı Ş, Sezer A (2015) Dependence of impact resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete on aggregate origin. Acta Phys Pol A 128(2-B):B37–B39. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-37
Sherwood PT (1993) Soil stabilization with cement and lime: state-of-the-art review. Transport Research Laboratory, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London
Soganci AS (2015) The effect of polypropylene fiber in the stabilization of expansive soils. Int J Environ Chem Eco Geophys Eng 9(8):956–959
Tang C, Shi B, Gao W, Chen F, Cai Y (2007) Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil. Geotext Geomembr 25(3):194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.11.002
Wang D, Abriak NE, Zentar R (2013) Strength and deformation properties of Dunkirk marine sediments solidified with cement, lime and fly ash. Eng Geol 166: 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.007
Yetimoglu T, Salbas O (2003) A study on shear strength of sands reinforced with randomly distributed discrete fibers. Geotext Geomembr 21(2):103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(03)00003-7
Yilmaz F, Kamiloğlu HA, Şadoğlu E (2015) Soil stabilization with using waste materials against freezing thawing effect. Acta Phys Pol A 128(2B):392–395. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-392
Yilmaz F, Yurdakul M (2017) Evaluation of marble dust for soil stabilization. Acta Phys Pol A 132(3):710–711. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.132.710
Yilmaz Y (2015) Compaction and strength characteristics of fly ash and fiber amended clayey soil. Eng Geol 188: 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.018
Yilmaz Y, Karatas K (2011) Effect of polypropylene fibre on the strength characteristics of lightly cemented clayey soil mixtures. Geo-Frontiers:707–716. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)73
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Spinteks and Atlas1 firms for supplying the fibers used throughout this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Geo-Resources-Earth-Environmental Sciences.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boz, A., Sezer, A., Özdemir, T. et al. Mechanical properties of lime-treated clay reinforced with different types of randomly distributed fibers. Arab J Geosci 11, 122 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3458-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3458-x