Abstract
The Nagar Parkar area contains three distinct groups of rocks, from oldest to youngest, (1) basement rocks ranging in composition from mafic to (quartz)diorite, tonalite, granite, and younger granodiorite, (2) granite plutons similar in general features to those of the Malani Igneous Suite of Rajasthan, and (3) abundant mafic, felsic and rhyolitic dykes. The basement rocks show strong brittle and local plastic deformation, and epidote amphibolite/upper greenschist facies metamorphic overprint. The chemistry of the basement rocks contrasts the commonly agreed within plate A-type character of the Neoproterozoic granites (group 2) that are emplaced into them. The basement rock association is calc-alkaline; the granodiorite displays the compositional characteristics of adakites, whereas the tonalite has intermediate composition between typical adakite and classical island arc rocks. This paper presents detailed petrography of the basement rocks and compares their geochemistry with those of the group 2 granites as well as with rocks from other tectonic environments. It is proposed that the Nagar Parkar basement is part of a 900–840 Ma magmatic arc that was deformed before it was intruded 800–700 Ma ago by the A-type continental granitic rocks followed by mafic to felsic dykes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad SA, Chaudhry MN (2008) A-type granites from the Nagar Parkar complex, Pakistan: geochemistry and origin. Geol Bull Punjab Uni 43:69–81
Ashwal LD, Solanki AM, Pandit MK, Corfu F, Hendriks BWH, Burke K, Torsvik TH (2013) Geochronology and geochemistry of Neoproterozoic Mt. Abu granitoids, NW India: regional correlation and implications for Rodinia paleogeography. Precambrian Res 236:265–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.07.018
Barker F, Arth JG (1976) Generation of trondhjemitic-tonalitic liquids and Archean bimodal trondhemite-basalt suites. Geology 4(10):596–600
Bhushan SK, Chandrasekaran V (2002) Geology and geochemistry of the magmatic rocks of the Malani igneous suite and tertiary alkaline province of western Rajasthan. Geol Surv India Memoir 126, 114 pp
Brown GC, Thorpe RS, Webb PC (1984) The geochemical characteristics of granitoids arcs and comments on magma sources. J Geol Soc Lond 141(3):413–426. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.3.0413
Butt KA, Nazirullah R, Syed SH (1989) Geology and gravity interpretation of Nagar Parkar area and its potential for surficial uranium deposits. Kashmir J Geol 6 & 7:41–50
Butt A., Jan MQ, Karim A (1994) Late Proterozoic rocks of Nagar Parkar, southeastern Pakistan: a preliminary petrologic account. In: Geology in South Asia-1, Ahmed R, Sheikh AM (eds) Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Islamabad, pp 106–109
Davidson J, Turner S, Handley H, Macpherson C, Dosseto A (2007) Amphibole sponge in arc crust. Geology 35(9):787–790. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23637A.1
De la Roche H, Leterrier J, Grandle Claude P, Marchal M (1980) A classification of volcanic and plutonic rocks using R1–R2 diagrams and major element analyses- its relationships and current nomenclature. Chem Geol 29:193–210
Debon F, Le Fort P (1988) A cationic classification of common plutonic rocks and their magmatic associations: principals, method, application. Bull Mineral 111:493–510
Defant MJ, Jackson TE, Drummond MS, De Boer JZ, Bellon H, Feigenson MD, Maury RC, Stewart RH (1992) The geochemistry of young volcanism throughout western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica: an overview. J Geol Soc Lond 149(4):569–579. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0569
Dharma Rao CV, Santosh M, Kim SW (2012) Cryogenian volcanic arc in the NW Indian shield: zircon shrimp U-Pb geochronology of felsic tuffs and implications for Gondwana assembly. Gondwana Res 22:36–53
Elburg MA (2010) Sources and processes in arc magmatism: the crucial role of water. Geol Belg 13:121–136
Grove TL, Baker MB (1984) Phase equilibrium controls on the tholeiitic versus calc-alkaline differentiation trends. J Geophys Res 89(B5):3253–3274. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB05p03253
Hastie AR, Kerr AC, McDonald I, Mitchell SF, Pearce JA, Millar IL, Barfod D, Mark DA (2010) Geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of rhyodacite lavas in eastern Jamaica: a new adakite subgroup analogous to early Archaean continental crust? Chem Geol 276(3-4):344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.002
Hickey-Vargas R, Moreno Rao H, Lopez Escobar L, Frey FA (1989) Geochemical variations in Andean basaltic and silicic lavas from the Villerica-Lenin volcanic chain (39.5o S): an evaluation of source heterogeneity, fractional crystallization and crustal contamination. Contrib Mineral Petrol 103(3):361–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402922
Irvine TN, Barager WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Can J Earth Sci 8:523–548
Iwamori H (1998) Transportation of H2O and melting in subducting zones. Earth Planet Sci L ett 160(1-2):65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00080-6
Jan MQ, Rafiq M (2007) Petrology of chloritoid-ilmenite-rich rocks in the Indus suture melange of Pakistan: implications for the cretaceous paleolatitude of Kohistan. J Asian Earth Sci 29(2-3):361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.07.010
Jan MQ, Laghari A, Khan MA (1997) Petrography of the Nagar Parkar igneous complex. Tharparkar, southeastern Sindh, Pakistan. Geol Bull Univ Peshawar 30:227–259
Jan MQ, Agheem MH, Laghari A, Anjum S (2014) Geology and petrography of the Nagar Parkar igneous complex, southeastern Sindh: the Dinsi body. J Himal Earth Sci 47:1–14
Jan MQ, Agheem MH, Laghari A, Anjum S (2016) Geology and petrography of the Nagar Parkar igneous complex, southeastern Sindh: the Wadhrai body. J Himal Earth Sci 49(1):17–29
Jan MQ, Agheem MH, Laghari A, Anjum S (2017) Geology and petrography of the Nagar Parkar igneous complex, southeastern Sindh, Pakistan: the Kharsar body. J Geol Soc India 89(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0564-4
Kazmi AH, Jan MQ (1997) Geology and tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi
Kazmi AH, Khan RA (1973) Report on the geology, minerals and water resources of Nagar Parkar, Pakistan. Geol Surv Pak, Info Release 64
Khan T, Murata M, Rehman HU, Zafar M, Ozawa H (2012) Nagar Parker granites showing Rodinia remnants in the southeastern part of Pakistan. J Asian Earth Sci 59:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.05.028
Khan T, Murata M, Jan MQ, Rehman HU, Zafar M, Ozawa H, Qadir A, Mehmood S (2017) Felsic dykes in the Neoproterozoic Nagar Parkar igneous complex, SE Sindh, Pakistan: geochemistry and tectonic settings. Arab J Geosci 10(14):308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3077-y
Kochhar N (2008) A-type Malani magmatism: signatures of the Pan-African event in the northwest Indian Shield assembly of the Late Proterozoic Malani supercontinent. Geol Surv India Spec Pub 91:112–126
Kochhar N (2009) The Malani supercontinent: Middle East connection during Late Proterozoic. In: Shrivastava KL (ed) Economic mineralization. Scientific Publishers, Jaipur, pp 15–25
Kochhar N, Dhar S, Sharma R (1995) Geochemistry and tectonic significance of acid and basic dykes associated with Jalor magmatism, west Rajasthan. Geol Soc India Mem 33:375–389
Kuno H (1968) Differentiation of basalt magmas. In: Basalt; the Poldervaart treatise on rocks of basaltic composition. Wiley, New York, 2:623–688
Laghari A (2004) Petrology of the Nagar Parkar granites and associated basic rocks, Thar District, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD thesis, Uni Peshawar
Maheshwari A, Coltorti M, Rajput SK, Verma M (2009) Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic peralkaline granites, Barmer district, SW Rajasthan, India. Int Geol Rev 51(12):1103–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902895337
Maniar PD, Piccoli PM (1989) Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol Soc Am Bull 101(5):635–643
Markhand AH, Xia Q, Agheem MH, Jia L (2017) U-Pb zircon dating and geochemistry of the rocks at Wadhrai body, Nagar Parkar igneous complex, Sindh, Pakistan. Sindh Univ Res J (Sci Ser) 49(1):01–06
Martin H (1986) Effect of steeper Archaean geothermal gradients on geochemistry of subduction-zones magmas. Geology 14(9):753–756
Martin H (1999) Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46(3):411–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00076-0
Middlemost EAK (1994) Naming materials in the magma igneous rock system. Earth Sci Rev 37(3-4):215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9
Miyashiro A (1974) Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. Am J Sci 274(4):321–355. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.274.4.321
Muslim M, Akhtar T, Khan ZM, Khan T (1997) Geology of the Nagar Parkar area, Tharparkar district, Sindh, Pakistan. Geol Surv Pak, Info Release 605
Nakamura N (1974) Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 38(5):757–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90149-5
Pearce J (2015) Trace elements in granites: indicators of tectonic settings and mineralization potential. In: Second International Workshop on Tethyan orogenesis and Metallogeny in Asia, October 16-–21, 2015, Wuhan, China, pp 112–115
Pearce JA, Harris NBW, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25(4):956–983. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
Samaniego P (1997) Interrelations entre les magmas adakatiques et calco-alcalins: geochemie des complexes volcaniques du Moranda-Fuya (Equateur). Mem, Uni Clermont-Ferrund
Schmidt MW, Poli S (1998) Experimentally-based water budget for dehydrating slabs and consequences for the magma generation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 163(1-4):361–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00142-3
Sharma KK (2005) Malani magmatism, an extensional lithospheric tectonic origin. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 388:463–476
Singh LG, Vallinayagam G (2012) Petrological and geochemical constraints in the origin and mineralization of A-type granite suite of the Dhiran area, northwestern peninsular India. Geoscience 2:66–80
Smith DJ (2014) Clinopyroxene precursors to amphibole sponge in the crust. Nat Commun 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5329
Smith EI, Tibbetts A, Belmontes H, Johnsen R, Walker JD (2016) Pliocene basaltic and rhyolitic volcanism in the Greenwater range, Death Valley area, California. In: Proceedings, natural history conference, Death Valley natural history association, 3–43. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285234149
Solanki AM (2011) A petrographic, geochemical and geochronological investigation of deformed granitoids from SW Rajasthan: Neoproterozoic age of formation and evidence of Pan-African imprint. MSc thesis, Uni Witwatersrand
Stewart RH (1992) The geochemistry of young volcanism throughout western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica: an overview. J Geol Soc Lond 149:569–579
Sun SS, Mcdonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of ocean basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magnetism in the ocean basins, vol. 42. Geol Soc, London, Spec Pub 42:313–345
Vallinayagam G, Kochhar N (2011) Petrological evolution and emplacement of Siwana and Jalor ring complexes of Malani Igneous Suite, northwestern peninsula India. In: Ray J, Sen G, Ghosh B (eds) Topics in igneous petrology. Springer, pp 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9600-5_17
Wang Q, JF X, Jian P, Bao ZW, Zhao ZH, Li CP, Xiang KL, Ma JL (2006) Adakitic porphyries in an extensional tectonic setting, Dexing, South China: implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization. J Petrol 47(1):119–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi070
Whalen J, Currie KL, Chappell BW (1987) A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contrib Miner Petrol 95(4):407–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402202
White AJR, Chappell BW (1983) Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia. In: Roddick JA (ed) Circum-Pacific Plutonic Terranes. Geol Soc Am Mem 159:21–34
Winter JD (2010) Principals of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Pearson Education Inc, New Jersey
Yin J, Chen W, Xiao W, Yuan C, Windley BF, Yu S, Cai K (2015) Late Silurian-early Devonian adakitic granodiorite, A-type and I-type granites in NW Junggar, NW China: Partial melting of mafic lower crust and implications for slab roll-back. Gondwana Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015-06-016
Acknowledgements
We thank our parent organizations for the use of facilities and logistic support. The research was partially funded by a grant of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences to M.Q. Jan. M. Tahir Shah is thanked for advice during the major element analysis, Suhail Anjum for his support during the field work, and Ikram Abbasi for drafting of figures. Last, but not least, we are thankful to Professor AM Al-Amri, and two anonymous reviewers for useful suggestions for improvement of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jan, M.Q., Laghari, A., Khan, M.A. et al. Petrology of calc-alkaline/adakitic basement hosting A-type Neoproterozoic granites of the Malani igneous suite in Nagar Parkar, SE Sindh, Pakistan. Arab J Geosci 11, 25 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3378-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3378-1