Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A state boundary surface model for improving the dilatancy simulation of granular material in reinforced anchors

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is acknowledged that for extending the experimental results to real scale design, it is necessary to use an appropriate numerical analysis. The good analysis in geotechnical problems needs to adopt a suitable constitutive model for the materials. This paper presents a modeling approach to investigate the complex behavior of granular trench and reinforcement system. For this purpose, an experimental and numerical investigation has been carried out on the behavior of pullout resistance of an embedded anchor (circular plate) with and without geogrid reinforcement layers in stabilized loose and dense sand using a granular trench. Different parameters have been considered, such as number of geogrid layers, embedment ratios, relative density of soil, and height ratios of granular trench. Finite element analysis with Hardening Soil Model was utilized for sand and CANAsand constitutive model was used for granular trench to investigate failure mechanism and the associated rupture surfaces. Results showed that, when soil was improved with the granular-geogrid trench, the uplift force significantly increased, but in geogrid-reinforced granular trench condition, the ultimate pullout resistance at failure increased as the number of geogrid layers increased up to the third layer, the fifth layer had a negligible effect in comparison with the third layer of reinforcement. The ultimate uplift capacity of anchor plate and the variation of surface deformation for all the tests indicated a close agreement between the experimental and numerical models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Balla A (1961). The resistance to breaking out of mushroom foundations for pylons. In: Proc 5th international conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, France, pp. 569–576

  • Bergado DT, Youwai S, Teerawattanasuk C, Visudmedanukul P (2003) The interaction mechanism and behavior of hexagonal wire mesh reinforced embankment with silty sand backfill on soft clay. Comput Geotech 30(6):517–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouazza A (1996). Pullout resistance of a plate anchor embedded in a three layered sand. In: Proc 7th international conference on Geomechanics, Australia New Zealand, pp. 601–603

  • Bouazza A, Finlay TW (1990) Uplift capacity of plate anchors buried in two-layered sand. Geotechnique 40(2):293–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boushehrian AH, Hataf N, Ghahramani A (2011) Modeling of the cyclic behavior of shallow foundations resting on geomesh and grid-anchor reinforced sand. Geotext Geomembr 29:242–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bringkgreve R, Vermeer P (1998) PLAXIS-finite element code for soil and rock analysis. Version 7. Plaxis BV, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Das BM (1978) Model tests for uplift capacity of foundations in clay. Soils Found 18(2):17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das BM (1980) A procedure for estimation of ultimate uplift capacity of foundations in clay. Soils Found 20(1):77–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickin EA (1988) Uplift behavior of horizontal anchor plates in sand. J Geotech Eng Div ASCE 114(11):1300–1317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Sawwaf M (2007) Uplift behavior of horizontal anchor plates buried in geosynthetic reinforced slopes. Geotech Test J 30(5):545–552

    Google Scholar 

  • EL Sawwaf M, Nazir A (2006) The effect of soil reinforced on pullout resistance of an existing vertical anchor plate in sand. Comput Geotech 33:167–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh A, Bera AK (2010) Effect of geotextile ties on uplift capacity of anchors embedded in sand. Geotech Geol Eng 28(8):567–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson RE, Anderson WF (1961) In situ measurement of soil properties with the pressuremeter. Civ Eng Public Works Rev 56(658):615–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna TH, Sparkles R, Yilmaz M (1972) Anchor behaviour in sand. J Soil Mech Found Eng Div 98(11):1187–1208

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilamparuthi K, Dickin EA (2001) The influence of soil reinforcement on the uplift behavior of belled piles embedded in sand. Geotext Geomembr 19:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilamparuthi K, Muthukrishnaiah K (1999) Anchors in sand bed: delineation of rupture surface. Ocean Eng 29(9):1249–1273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassim KA, Niroumand H, Nazir R (2013) The influence of soil reinforcement on the uplift response of symmetrical anchor plate embedded in sand. Measurement 46:2608–2629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koutsabeloulis NC, Griffiths DV (1989) Numerical modeling of the trapdoor problem. Geotechnique 39(1):77–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kranthikumar A, Sawant VA, Kumar P, Shukla SK (2016a) Numerical and experimental investigations of granular anchor piles in loose sandy soil subjected to uplift loading. Int J Geomech 4:114–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranthikumar A, Sawant VA, Shukla SK (2016b) Numerical modeling of granular anchor pile system in loose sandy soil subjected to uplift loading. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 15:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswamy NR, Parashar SP (1994) Uplift behavior of plate anchors with geosynthetics. Geotext Geomembr 13:67–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarchian M, Badakhshan E, Gheitasi M (2012) Experimental and numerical study of uplift behavior of anchors embedded in reinforced sand. Geosynthetics Asia, 5th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 675–681

  • McCabe BA, Killeen MM, Egan D (2008) Challenges faced in 3-D finite element modelling of stone column construction. Proc., Joint Symp. on Concrete Research and Bridge and Infrastructure Research in Ireland, Galileo Editions, Galway, Ireland, 393–400

  • Merifield RS, Sloan SW (2006) The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils. Can Geotech J 43(6):852–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merifield RS, Smith CC (2010) The ultimate uplift capacity of multi-plate strip anchors in undrained clay. Comput Geotech 37:504–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merifield RS, Lyamin AV, Sloan SW (2003) Three dimensional lower bound solution for the stability of plate anchors in sand. Technical Report, USQ, Toowoomba, Australia, pp. 955–963

  • Meyerhof GG, Adams JI (1968) The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations. Can Geotech J 5(4):225–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray EJ, Geddes JD (1987) Uplift of anchor plates in sand. J Geotech Eng Div ASCE 113(3):202–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noorzad A, Poorooshasb HB (2005) The numerical simulation of flow of bulk solids using CANAsand constitutive model. Int J Civil Eng 3(3):129–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra NR, Deograthais M, James M (2004) Pullout capacity of anchor piles. Electron J Geotech Eng Rwanda 9(4):634–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Poorooshasb HB (1995) One gravity model testing. Soils Found 35(3):55–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poorooshasb HB (2002) Subsidence evaluation of geotextilereinforced gravel mats bridging a sinkhole. Geosyn Int 9(3):259–282

  • Poorooshasb HB, Noorzad A (1996) The compact state of the cohesionless granular media. Int J Sci Technol: Sci Iran 3(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Poorooshasb HB, Holubec I, Sherbourne AN (1966) Yielding and flow of sand in triaxial compression. Can Geotech J 3(4):179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph MF, Carter JP, Wroth CP (1979) Driven piles in clay, the effects of installation and subsequent consolidation. Geotechnique 29(4):361–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao BG (1982) Behavior of skirted granular piles. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Roorkee, Roorkee, India

  • Ravichandran PT, Ilamparuthi K (2004) Behavior of rectangular plate anchors in reinforced and unreinforced sand beds. In: Proc ICCGE, Mumbai, pp. 123–128

  • Rowe RK, Davis EH (1982) The behavior of anchor plates in sand. Geotechnique 32(1):25–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai T, Tanaka T (1998) Scale effect of a shallow circular anchor in dense sand. Soil Found 38(2):93–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saran S, Ranjan G, Nene AS (1986) Soil anchors and constitutive laws. J Geotech Eng 112(12):1084–1100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selvadurai APS (1993) Uplift behaviour of strata-grid anchored pipelines embedded in granular soils. Geotech Eng 24:39–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Srirama Rao A, Phanikumar BR, Dayakar Babu R, Suresh K (2007) Pullout behavior of granular pile-anchors in expansive clay beds in situ. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 133(5):531–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subbarao C, Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha J (1988) Geotextile ties to improve uplift resistance of anchors. In: Proc 1th conference Geotextile, Indian, Mandal, pp. 321–332

  • Tagaya K, Tanaka A, Aboshi H (1983) Application of finite element method to pullout resistance of buried anchor. Soils Found 23(3):91–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagaya K, Scott RF, Aboshi H (1988) Pullout resistance of buried anchor in sand. Soils Found 28(3):114–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil, Water & Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

    Ehsan Badakhshan & Ali Noorzad

  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Infrastructure Systems, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

    Shima Zameni

Authors
  1. Ehsan Badakhshan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ali Noorzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shima Zameni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ehsan Badakhshan.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PLXZIP 800 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Badakhshan, E., Noorzad, A. & Zameni, S. A state boundary surface model for improving the dilatancy simulation of granular material in reinforced anchors. Arab J Geosci 10, 281 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3051-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3051-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation