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Exposure, Distribution, and Ecological Risk of Four New Bisphenol Analogs in the Typical Lake Region of Taihu Lake

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Abstract

Bisphenol compounds (BPs) are difficult to degrade and highly toxic that can cause a wide range of biotic endocrine disrupting effects. Clarifying Zhushan Lake and Meiliang Lake (typical areas of Taihu Lake) with BPs pollution is important for protecting water safety and human health. Surface water, sediments, and fish samples were collected and analyzed to determine the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS). Surface water and sediment samples revealing average BPs concentrations of 1227 ng/L and 11 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. BPS had the highest detection rate among the four BPs, followed by BPF. The pollution level of BPs was the highest in the middle and upper reaches, and there was a downward trend in the lower reaches. In wild fish, contaminants were found to be highest in muscle and gill tissues, indicating that fish are in short-term exposure. Pearson and stable isotope analyses showed that BPF and BPS had similar origins, and sediments were found to be the primary source of the pollutants. Finally, the ecological and human health risk assessments showed current low-risk levels, but the risks are still increasing and require attention. The results can be used for providing valuable information for the water quality management and BPs pollution control in Taihu Lake. Additionally, it functions as a forewarn for BPs producing and applying.

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Data Availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

Abbreviations

BP:

Bisphenol

BPZ:

Bisphenol Z

BPC:

Bisphenol C

BPF:

Bisphenol F

BPS:

Bisphenol S

BPA:

Bisphenol A

POPs:

Persistent organic pollutants

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

MRM:

Multiple reaction monitoring

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

RQ:

Risk quotient

MEC:

Measured environmental concentration

PNEC:

Predicted no-effect concentration

AF:

Assessment factor

EEQ:

Estrogen toxicity equivalent

EEF:

Estradiol equivalence factor

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [21906009], Jiangsu High-level Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Introduction Program Special Fund [SCZ2010300004], and The Science and Technology Research Award Package of Changzhou University [KYP2102098C and KYP2202117C].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China

    Ying Han, Yuxuan Liu, Xiaolong Rong, Mingxin Wang, Yingang Xue, Hao Dai & Haixia Jiang

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  1. Ying Han
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  2. Yuxuan Liu
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  3. Xiaolong Rong
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  4. Mingxin Wang
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Correspondence to Ying Han or Mingxin Wang.

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Han, Y., Liu, Y., Rong, X. et al. Exposure, Distribution, and Ecological Risk of Four New Bisphenol Analogs in the Typical Lake Region of Taihu Lake. Expo Health (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-023-00608-2

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