Abstract
Fractures (including faults and joints) are important pathways for magma in the upper crust. Two theories of dyke intrusion are generally accepted: dykes open pre-existing fractures or dykes inject propagating new fractures at their tips. Thus, there is a close interrelationship between dyke intrusion and fractures. We present a field-based study focused on geometric patterns of intrusions, because detailed descriptions and analyses of exposed dykes can provide useful complementary information regarding the roles of fractures as dyke formation pathways. Most non-planar dyke examples that we analyzed are from four areas (Geoje Island, Kori, Uljin, and Suncheon) of Korea. Some dykes show morphological similarities to fractures, such as branching, bending, and splaying. Therefore, we classified the intrusion patterns based on the equivalent terminology for fractures (e.g., tip, wall, and linkage), which is useful for describing dykes at the outcrop scale and for research into inter-relationships between dykes and fractures. This study improves our understanding for the role of fractures in guiding dyke emplacement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Babiker, M. and Gudmundsson, A., 2004, Geometry, structure and emplacement of mafic dykes in the Red Sea Hills, Sudan. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 38, 279–292.
Baer, G., Beyth, M., and Reches, Z., 1994, Dykes emplaced into fractured basement, Timna Igneous Complex, Israel. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 24039–24050.
Bussell, M.A., 1989, A simple method for the determination of the dilation direction of intrusive sheets. Journal of Structural Geology, 11, 679–687.
Chang, K.H., 1975, Cretaceous stratigraphy of southeast Korea. The Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 11, 1–23.
Chang, K.H., Suzuki, K., Park, S.-O., Ishida, K., and Uno, K., 2003, Recent advances in the Cretaceous stratigraphy of Korea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 937–948.
Chough, S.K. and Sohn, Y.K., 2010, Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of a Cretaceous continental arc-backarc system in the Korean peninsula: new view. Earth-Science Reviews, 101, 225–249.
Clemente, C.S., Amorós E.B., and Crespo, M.G., 2007, Dyke intrusion under shear stress: effects on magnetic and vesicle fabrics in dykes from rift zones of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 1931–1942.
Delaney, P.T., Pollard, D.D., Ziony, J.I., and McKee, E.H., 1986, Field relations between dikes and joints: emplacement processes and paleostress analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth: Solid Earth, 91, 4920–4938. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB05p04920
Dering, G.M., Micklethwaite, S., Cruden, A.R., Barnes, S.J., and Fiorentini, M.L., 2019, Evidence for dyke-parallel shear during syn-intrusion fracturing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 507, 119–130.
Edwards, P., Choi, J.-H., and Kim, Y.-S., 2017, Variations in thickness of fault-controlled dikes and its implications: a case study of Gosung area, South-East Korea. Island Arc, 26, e12181. https://doi.org/10.1111/iar.12181
Ghodke, S.S., Rathna, K., Kokandakar, G.J., Nagaraju, B., More, L.B., Bhosle, M.V., Kumar, K.V., 2018, Emplacement and growth of alkaline dikes: insights from the shonkinite dikes (Elchuru alkaline complex, SE India). Journal of Structural Geology, 117, 219–236.
Goulty, N. and Schofield, N., 2008, Implications of simple flexure theory for the formation of saucer-shaped sills. Journal of Structural Geology, 30, 812–817.
Gudmundsson, A., 1995, Infrastructure and mechanics of volcanic systems in Iceland. Journal of volcanology and Geothermal Research, 64, 1–22.
Gudmundsson, A., 2005, The effects of layering and local stresses in composite volcanoes on dyke emplacement and volcanic hazard. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337, 1216–1222.
Gudmundsson, A., 2011, Deflection of dykes into sills at discontinuities and magma-chamber formation. Tectonophysics, 500, 50–64.
Healy, D., Rizzo, R., Duffy, M., Farrell, N.J.C., Hole, M.J., and Muirhead, D., 2018, Field evidence for the lateral emplacement of igneous dykes: implications for 3D mechanical models and the plumbing beneath fissure eruptions. Volcanica, 1, 85–105. https://doi.org/10.30909/vol.01.02.85105
Hoek, J.D., 1991, A classification of dyke-fracture geometry with examples from Precambrian dyke swarms in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Geologische Rundschau, 80, 233–248.
Hwang, B.H., Son, M., Yang, K., Yoon, J., and Ernst, W.G., 2008, Tectonic evolution of the Gyeongsang Basin, southeastern Korea from 140 Ma to the present, based on a strike-slip and block-rotation tectonic model. International Geology Review, 50, 343–363.
Jin, K., Kim, Y.-S., Yang, S.-J., Choi, J.-H., and Kim, K.-O., 2018, Deformation history and characteristics of the Ilgwang Fault in southeast Korea. Geosciences Journal, 22, 209–226.
Jolly, R.J.H. and Sanderson, D.J., 1995, Variation in the form and distribution of dykes in the Mull swarm, Scotland. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 1543–1557.
Kamata, H., 1998, Quaternary volcanic front at the junction of the South-west Japan Arc and the Ryukyu Arc. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, 67–75.
Kang, H.-C. and Paik, I.S., 2013, Review on the geological ages of the formations in the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 49, 17–29. (in Korean with English abstract)
Kattenhorn, S.A. and Watkeys, M.K., 1995, Blunt-ended dyke segments. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 1535–1542.
Kavanagh, J.L., Rogers, B.D., Boutelier, D., and Cruden, A.R., 2017, Controls on sill and dyke-sill hybrid geometry and propagation in the crust: the role of fracture toughness. Tectonophysics, 698, 109–120.
Khodayar, M. and Franzson, H., 2007, Fracture pattern of Thjórsárdalur central volcano with respect to rift-jump and a migrating transform zone in South Iceland. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 898–912.
Kim, Y.-S., Peacock, D.C.P., and Sanderson, D.J., 2004, Fault damage zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 26, 503–517.
Lister, J.R. and Kerr, R.C., 1991, Fluid-mechanical models of crack propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10049–10077.
Magee, C., Muirhead, J., Schofield, N., Walker, R., Galland, O., Holford, S., Spacapan, J., Jackson, C., and McCarthy, W., 2019, Structural signatures of igneous sheet intrusion propagation. Journal of Structural Geology, 125, 148–154.
Martínez-Poza, A.I. and Druguet, E., 2016, Structure and tectonic setting of the SE Sardinia mafic dyke swarm. Insights for the stress state during magma emplacement in the upper crust. Journal of Geodynamics, 101, 170–185.
Martínez-Poza, A.I., Druguet, E., Castaño, L.M., and Carreras, J., 2014, Dyke intrusion into a pre-existing joint network: the Aiguablava lamprophyre dyke swarm (Catalan Coastal Ranges). Tectonophysics, 630, 75–90.
Mathieu, L., De Vries, B.V.W., Holohan, E.P., and Troll, V.R., 2008, Dykes, cups, saucers and sills: analogue experiments on magma intrusion into brittle rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 1–13.
Pallister, J.S., McCausland, W.A., Jónsson, S., Lu, J., Zahran, H.M., Hadidy, S.E., Aburukbah, A., Stewart, I.C.F., Lundgren, P.R., White, R.A., and Moufti, M.R.H., 2010, Broad accommodation of rift-related extension recorded by dyke intrusion in Saudi Arabia. Nature Geoscience, 3, 705–712.
Paquet, F., Dauteuil, O., Hallot, E., and Moreau, F., 2007, Tectonics and magma dynamics coupling in a dyke swarm of Iceland. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 1477–1493.
Platten, I.M., 2000, Incremental dilation of magma filled fractures: evidence from dykes on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Journal of Structural Geology, 22, 1153–1164.
Pollard, D.D., 1973, Derivation and evaluation of a mechanical model for sheet intrusions. Tectonophysics, 19, 233–269.
Rivalta, E., Taisne, B., Bunger, A.P., and Katz, R.F., 2015, A review of mechanical models of dike propagation: schools of thought, results and future directions. Tectonophysics, 638, 1–42.
Rogers, R.D. and Bird, D.K., 1987, Fracture propagation associated with dyke emplacement at the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. Journal of Structural Geology, 9, 71–86.
Ryan, B., 1995, Morphological features of multigeneration basic dykes near Nain, Labrador: clues to original emplacement mechanisms and subsequent deformation. Precambrian Research, 75, 91–118.
Son, M., Kim, J.-S., Hwang, B.-H., Lee, I.-H., Kim, J., Song, C.W., and Kim, I.-S., 2007, Paleogene dyke swarms in the eastern Geoje Island, Korea: their absolute ages and tectonic implications. The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea, 16, 82–99. (in Korean with English abstract)
Spacapan, J.B., Galland, O., Leanza, H.A., and Planke, S., 2016, Control of strike-slip fault on dyke emplacement and morphology. Journal of the Geological Society, 173, 573–576.
Spence, D.A. and Turcotte, D.L., 1985, Magma-driven propagation of cracks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 90, 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB01p00575
Tibaldi, A. and Bonali, F.L., 2017, Intra-arc and back-arc volcano-tectonics: magma pathways at Holocene Alaska-Aleutian volcanoes. Earth-Science Reviews, 167, 1–26.
Tibaldi, A., Vezzoli, L., Pasquaré, F.A., and Rust, D., 2008, Strike-slip fault tectonics and the emplacement of sheet-laccolith systems: The Thverfell case study (SW Iceland). Journal of Structural Geology, 30, 274–290.
Trippanera, D., Ruch, J., Passone, L., and Jónsson, S., 2019, Structural mapping of dike-induced faulting in Harrat Lunayyir (Saudi Arabia) by using high resolution drone imagery. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7, 168. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00168
Walker, R.J., Branney, M.J., and Norry, M.J., 2017, Dike propagation and magma flow in a glassy rhyolite dike: a structural and kinematic analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 129, 594–606.
Yang, S.-J., Jin, K., and Kim, Y.-S., 2008, Paleostress conditions based on dyke intrusion patterns and deformation histories in Geo-je island, SE Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 44, 747–764. (in Korean with English abstract)
Zhang, X., Jeffrey, R.G., and Thiercelin, M., 2007, Deflection and propagation of fluid-driven fractures at frictional bedding interfaces: a numerical investigation. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 396–410.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Basic Research Project “Development of precise exploration technology for energy storage minerals (V) existing in Korea and the resources estimation (20–3211)” funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea. The manuscript benefited from the careful reviews of two anonymous reviewers and the editorial staff of Geosciences Journal. We thank Prof. D. J. Sanderson for constructive review on an early version of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, SJ., Kim, YS. Descriptive classification of dyke morphologies based on similarity to fracture geometries. Geosci J 26, 79–93 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-021-0018-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-021-0018-2