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Epigenetic modifications of gene expression by lifestyle and environment

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Abstract

Epigenetics oftenly described as the heritable changes in gene expression independent of changes in DNA sequence. Various environmental factors such as nutrition-dietary components, lifestyle, exercise, physical activity, toxins, and other contributing factors remodel the genome either in a constructive or detrimental way. Since epigenetic changes are reversible and nutrition is one of the many epigenetic regulators that modify gene expression without changing the DNA sequence, dietary nutrients and bioactive food components contribute to epigenetic phenomena either by directly suppressing DNA methylation or histone catalyzing enzymes or by changing the availability of substrates required for enzymatic reactions. Diets that contain catechol-dominant polyphenols are reported to suppress enzyme activity and activate epigenetically silenced genes. Furthermore, several dietary nutrients play a crucial role in one-carbon metabolism including folate, cobalamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and methionine by directly affecting S-adenosyl-l-methionine. Soy polyphenols block DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases to reverse aberrant CpG island methylation. Organosulfur rich compounds such as the sulforaphane found in broccoli appear to normalize DNA methylation and activate miR-140 expression, which represses SOX9 and ALDH1 and decreases tumor growth. The purpose of this short communication is to overview the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of diet and other environmental factors. We discuss the epigenetic contributions of dietary components with a particular focus on nutritional polyphenols and flavonoids as epigenetic mediators that modify epigenetic tags and control gene expression. These mechanisms provide new insights to better understand the influence of dietary nutrients on epigenetic modifications and gene expression.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (2012R1A6A1028677). We thank Aging Tissue Bank for providing research information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea

    Qudeer Ahmed Abdul & Jae Sue Choi

  2. Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA

    Byung Pal Yu

  3. College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea

    Hae Young Chung

  4. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea

    Hyun Ah Jung

  5. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea

    Hyun Ah Jung

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  1. Qudeer Ahmed Abdul
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Abdul, Q.A., Yu, B.P., Chung, H.Y. et al. Epigenetic modifications of gene expression by lifestyle and environment. Arch. Pharm. Res. 40, 1219–1237 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0973-3

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