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Endothelial Repair and Regeneration Following Intimal Injury

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Abstract

Coronary artery intervention using device implants significantly reduce the risk of restenosis and the need for revascularization but are associated with endothelial denudation and impaired function. This may be due to incomplete endothelial recovery as a result of intimal injury, presence of polymer and/or high antiproliferative drug accumulation in the intima. The permanent presence of a metal prosthesis or polymer may impair the proliferation of resident endothelial cells to cover empty areas. Attention has focused on the robust replenishment of endothelial monolayer by recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells derived from the bone marrow to areas of endothelial injury. The balance between endothelial damage and repair is critical for the maintenance of intimal integrity, function, and prevention of thrombotic complications. This review will discuss on the aftereffects of intravascular device implants on endothelial injury and the pathways involved in endothelial repair and regeneration with an emphasis on endothelial progenitor cells.

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Abbreviations

CECs:

Circulating endothelial cells

EMPs:

Endothelial microparticles

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EPCs:

Endothelial progenitor cells

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

ILs:

Interleukins

KDR:

Kinase insert domain receptor

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

NO:

Nitric oxide

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

PECAM-1:

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TFPI:

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

tPA:

Tissue plasminogen activator

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

VE-cadherin:

Vascular endothelial-cadherin

VEGFR-2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2

vWF:

Von Willebrand factor

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  1. Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Bldg 22, Rm 4176, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA

    Belay Tesfamariam

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Correspondence to Belay Tesfamariam.

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Tesfamariam, B. Endothelial Repair and Regeneration Following Intimal Injury. J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res. 9, 91–101 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-016-9677-1

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