Skip to main content
Log in

Optimal design of pma-synrm for e-bike traction motor using adaptive interpolation robustness optimization algorithm

  • Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Electrical and Electronics
  • Published:
International Journal of Automotive Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive interpolation robustness optimization algorithm (AIROA) for the robust optimal design of a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor for electric bicycle (EB) traction. The AIROA can drastically reduce the number of function calls to converge to an optimal solution by interpolating the problem regions. Especially, the AIROA effectively adjusts the number of generated samples using the diversification strategy with novel initial sampling strategy. Moreover, in the intensive searching strategy, the calculation time for generating a surrogate model and the accuracy of the solutions of the surrogate model can be enhanced as the AIROA adjusts the resolution of the interpolation near the roughly found solutions. At the end of the algorithm, a robustness test strategy is conducted, and a robust optimal solution is determined considering the accuracy of the interpolated uncertainty band of both global and local solutions. The superior performance of the AIROA was verified by two mathematical test functions. The applicability of the practical motor design was verified by applying the AIROA to the optimal design of the EB traction motor and successfully deriving the robust optimum design. The prototype motor was manufactured, and further validation was conducted by comparing the experimental results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amin, M., & Aziz, G. A. A. (2019). Hybrid adopted materials in permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor with rotating losses computation. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 55(6), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S., Liu, L., Yang, S., Wang, W., & Wang, N. (2020). A preference-based physical programming method for multi-objective designs of electromagnetic devices. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 56(3), 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, N., Fornasiero, E., Ferrari, M., & Castiello, M. (2015). Experimental comparison of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance motors. IEEE Transactions Industry Applications, 52(1), 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, S. L., Yang, S., Yao, Y., & Fu, W. N. (2011). Robust optimization using a methodology based on cross entropy methods. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 47(5), 1286–1289.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, R. C., Liu, C. T., & Chan, D. Y. (2011). A reinforcement-learning-based assisted power management with QoR provisioning for human–electric hybrid bicycle. IEEE Transactions Industrial Electronics, 59(8), 3350–3359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, D. H., Kwak, Y., Lee, J., & Jin, C. S. (2017). Study on the optimal design of PMa-SynRM loading ratio for achievement of ultrapremium efficiency. IEEE Trans. Magnetics, 53(6), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, W. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, S. J., Kang, D. W., Go, S. C., Chun, Y. D., & Lee, J. (2009). Optimal PM design of PMA-SynRM for wide constant-power operation and torque ripple reduction. IEEE Transa on Magnetics, 45(10), 4660–4663.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong, Y., Lin, M., Yin, M., & Hao, L. (2018). Rotor structure on reducing demagnetization of magnet and torque ripple in a PMa-synRM with ferrite permanent magnet. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 54(11), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. G., Lim, D. K., & Jung, H. K. (2019a). Analysis and design of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using a sequential-stage magnetic equivalent circuit. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 55(10), 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. K., Jung, D. H., Cho, S., Lee, K. D., Lee, J., & Oh, Y. J. (2019b). Improvement of PMa-SynRM output characteristics by optimizing the rib structure. Journal Electrical Engineering and Technology, 14, 1173–1178.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. G., & Lim, D. K. (2021). A stepwise optimal design applied to an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle traction applications. IEEE Access, 9, 115090–115099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, G., Zhu, J. G., Guo, Y. G., Hu, J. F., Xu, W., & Shao, K. R. (2013). Robust design optimization of PM-SMC motors for six sigma quality manufacturing. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 49(7), 3953–3956.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, D. K., Cho, Y. S., Ro, J. S., Jung, S. Y., & Jung, H. K. (2015a). Optimal design of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor for the electric bicycle. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 52(3), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, D. K., Yi, K. P., Jung, S. Y., Jung, H. K., & Ro, J. S. (2015b). Optimal design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor by using a new surrogate-assisted multi-objective optimization. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 51(11), 1–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q., El-Refaie, A., & Lequesne, B. (2020). Low-cost interior permanent magnet machine with multiple magnet types. IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, 56(2), 1452–1463.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munkhdalai, L., Munkhdalai, T., Park, K. H., Lee, H. G., Li, M., & Ryu, K. H. (2019). Mixture of activation functions with extended min-max normalization for forex market prediction. IEEE Access, 7, 183680–183691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh, P., & Lenin, N. C. (2019). High power density electrical machines for electric vehicles—Comprehensive review based on material technology. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 55(11), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seo, J. H., Woo, D. K., Chung, T. K., & Jung, H. K. (2010). A study on loss characteristics of IPMSM for FCEV considering the rotating field. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 46(8), 3213–3216.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Son, J. C., & Lim, D. K. (2022). Optimal design of PMa-SynRM for electric bicycle traction motor using adjustive-resolution robustness optimization algorithm. IEEE 20th biennial conf. electromagnetic field computation (CEFC). Denver, Colorado USA: IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, K., Wang, D., Lin, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, X., & Yang, H. (2014). Analytical modeling of permanent magnet biased axial magnetic bearing with multiple air gaps. IEEE Transactions Magnetics, 50(11), 1–4.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wi, C. H., Kim, J. Y., Choi, J. W., Yeo, H. K., & Lim, D. K. (2023). Optimal design of PMa-SynRM for electric vehicles using grain-oriented electrical steel and surrogate model based on stacking ensemble. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 18(2), 991–1001.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo, S. W., Park, J. C., Sung, M. H., Bae, Y. N., Yoon, J., Cha, K. S., & Lim, M. S. (2023). Optimum design considering main operating points of EV Traction motor for torque ripple reduction and fuel economy improvement. Int. Journal of Automotive Technology, 24(1), 115–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Wang, J., Gan, C., Sun, Q., & Kong, W. (2018). Efficiency optimization of PMSM drives using field-circuit coupled FEM for EV/HEV applications. IEEE Access, 6, 15192–15201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, M., Liu, G., Chen, Q., Ji, J., & Zhao, W. (2020). Torque calculation of stator modular PMa-SynRM with asymmetric design for electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions Transportation Electrification, 7(1), 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Xu, D., Liu, J., Gao, S., & Xu, W. (2017). Performance improvement of model-predictive current control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 53(4), 3683–3695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) under Material Parts Equipment Technology Development Program. No. 20018970, ‘Development of Electric Drive System for Wheeled Armored Vehicle’.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dong-Kuk Lim.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Son, JC., Lim, DK. Optimal design of pma-synrm for e-bike traction motor using adaptive interpolation robustness optimization algorithm. Int.J Automot. Technol. 25, 37–46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00007-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00007-9

Keywords

Navigation