Abstract
An electrically assisted internal combustion engine is obtained by combining a conventional engine and one or more electrical motors of considerably smaller size. A key feature of such an innovative vehicle hybridization approach is that the torque generated by electric machines is not transmitted to the wheels. The electric motors are, in fact, intended only to assist the internal combustion engine in low efficiency, low performance, or high polluting working conditions. They however, draw extra power and energy from the battery. This paper presents a tool to evaluate different possible solutions in terms of energy balance, efficiency, battery stress and battery ageing. The method, which is based on suitable mathematical models and specific analysis criteria is also exploited to compare eight different configurations of a C-segment vehicle, pointing out limits and capabilities of traditional 12−14 V systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Budde-Meiwes, H., Schultea, D., Kowal, J., Sauer, D. U., Hecke, R. and Karden, E. (2012). Dynamic charge acceptance of lead–acid batteries: Comparison of methods for conditioning and testing. J. Power Sources, 207, 30–36.
Ceraolo, M. (2000). New dynamical models of lead–acid batteries. IEEE Trans. Power Systems 15, 4, 1184–1190.
Enache, B. A., Constantinescu, L. M. and Lefter, E. (2014). Modeling aspects of an electric starter system for an internal combustion engine. Proc. IEEE 6th Int. Conf. Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Bucharest, Romania.
Green Car Congress (2017). http://www.greencarcongress. com/2006/09/bmw_introduces_.html
Heng, T. C. (2017). http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu. au/id/eprint/15562/2/02Whole.pdf
Karden, E., Shinn, P., Bostock, P., Cunningham, J., Schoultz, E. and Kok, D. (2005). Requirements for future automotive batteries–A snapshot. J. Power Sources 144, 2, 505–512.
Lequesne, B. (2015). Automotive electrification: The nonhybrid story. IEEE Trans. Transportation Electrification 1, 1, 40–53.
Pelchen, C., Schweiger, C. and Otter, M. (2002). Modeling and simulating the efficiency of gearboxes and of planetary gearboxes. Proc. 2nd Int. Modelica Conf., Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.
Perreault, D. J. and Caliskan, V. (2004). Automotive power generation and control. IEEE Trans. Power Electronics 19, 3, 618–630.
Rizoug, N., Feld, G., Barbedette, B. and Sadoun, R. (2011). Association of batteries and supercapacitors to supply a micro-hybrid vehicle. Proc. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf., Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Sheng, Q., Yang, Y., Li, Y. and Yue, Z. (2014). Application of engine intelligent start-stop system in technology of vehicle fuel saving. Proc. IEEE 6th Int. Conf. Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Zhangjiajie, China.
Shepherd, C. M. (1965). Design of primary and secondary cells–Part 2. An equation describing battery discharge. J. Electrochemical Society, 112, 657–664.
Tremblay, O. and Dessaint, L. A. (2009). Experimental validation of a battery dynamic model for EV applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, 2, 289–298.
Villegas, J., Gao, B., Svancara, K., Thornton, W. and Parra, J. (2011). Real-time simulation and control of an electric supercharger for engine downsizing. Proc. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf., Chicago, Illinois, USA..
Vrazicl, M., Gasparacl, I. and Kalafatie, K. (2008). Vehicle drive wheel torque computer modeling. Proc. IEEE 18th Int. Conf. Electrical Machines, Vilamoura, Portugal.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scaffidi, C., De Caro, S., Foti, S. et al. Electrically Assisted Internal Combustion Engines: A Comparative Analysis. Int.J Automot. Technol. 19, 1091–1101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0107-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0107-z