Abstract
Epidemics of late blight on potato in the semiarid Pacific Northwest since 1991 have been characterized by a prevalence of stem lesions in relation to leaf lesions. This study was conducted in 1997 to test the hypothesis that isolates representing immigrant strains of Phytophthora infestans were more adapted at causing stem lesions and more aggressive at higher temperatures than isolates representing the relatively older US-1 strain. A total of 23 Phytophthora infestans isolates representing US-1, US-8, and a new A1 compatibility type strain were tested for aggressiveness on leaflets and stems of whole potato plants (cv. Russet Burbank) in 11 trials. Plants in one set of trials were incubated at constant temperatures of 18, 23, and 28 °C for six days with a 16 h photoperiod. Plants in the second set of trials were incubated at the same three day temperatures but the night temperature in all treatments was reduced to 16 °C. Lesion establishment was recorded, and daily severity readings were used to calculate the area under the lesion expansion curve (AULEC). Lesion area, sporulation frequency, sporulation time, and sporulation capacity were also measured. Lesion establishment was higher on stems than on leaves for isolates of all strains. Isolates representing US-8 and new A1 strains often had higher AULEC values but had similar lesion establishment, sporulation frequency, sporulation time, and sporulation capacity values as US-1 isolates. A reduction in components of aggressiveness for all strains was noted at 28 °C, with leaflets being more affected than stems. Sporulation rarely occurred at 28 °C. Few differences in components of aggressiveness were observed between 18 and 23 °C. These findings indicate that isolates from the relatively newer strains (US-8 and new A1) were not better adapted in causing lesions on potato stems than isolates from the old US-1 strain, nor were they better adapted to higher temperatures. The relatively newer strains, however, were generally more aggressive as indicated by higher AULEC on stems and leaflets over the range of temperatures used in this experiment.
Resumen
Las epidemias del tizón tardío de la papa en el Pacífico Noroccidental semiárido desde 1991 han sido caracterizadas por una prevalencia de lesiones del tallo sobre las de hoja. Este estudio se efectuó en 1997 para probar la hipótesis de que los aislamientos representando variantes inmigrantes de Phytophthora infestans se adaptaron mejor causando lesiones de tallo y fueron más agresivas a temperaturas más altas que los aislamientos representando la variante relativamente más vieja de US-1. Se probó un total de 23 aislamientos de Phytophthora infestans representando US-1, US-8 y una nueva cepa de tipo de compatibilidad A1, respecto a agresividad, en pecíolos y tallos de plantas completas de papa (var. Russet Burbank) en 11 ensayos. Se incubaron plantas en un grupo de ensayos a temperaturas de 18, 23, y 28 °C por seis días con un fotoperiodo de 16 hs. Las plantas en el segundo juego de ensayos se incubaron tres días a las mismas temperaturas, pero la temperatura nocturna en todos los tratamientos se redujo a 16 °C. Se registró el establecimiento de la lesión y se usaron lecturas diarias de severidad para calcular el área bajo la curva de expansión de la lesión (AULEC). También se midieron el área de la lesión, la frecuencia, tiempo y capacidad de la esporulación. El establecimiento de la lesión fue más alto en tallos que en hojas para aislamientos de todas las variantes. Los aislamientos US-8 y el nuevo A1 a menudo tuvieron valores de AULEC más altos, pero similar valor para establecimiento de la lesión, frecuencia, tiempo y capacidad de esporulación a los US-1. Se notó una reducción en los componentes de agresividad para todas las variantes a 28 °C, con mayor afectación de los pecíolos que de los tallos. La esporulación raramente ocurrió a 28 °C. Se observaron pocas diferencias en los componentes de agresividad entre 18 y 23 °C. Estos hallazgos indican que los aislamientos de las cepas relativamente nuevas (US-8 y nuevo A1) no tuvieron mejor adaptación respecto a causar lesiones en tallos de papa que los aislamientos de la vieja cepa US-1, ni tuvieron mejor adaptación a temperaturas más altas. No obstante, las cepas relativamente más nuevas fueron generalmente más agresivas como se indica por un AULEC más alto en tallos y pecíolos sobre la amplitud de temperaturas usadas en este experimento.
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Acknowledgments
Plant Pathology New Series 0281, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Hatch Project No. 0678, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–6430, USA. We thank the USDA/ARS and the Washington Potato Commission for funding this research. We thank Philip B. Hamm for his insight and discussion which has helped shaped portions of the discussion and Dr. Richard Alldredge for advice on the statistical analysis. We also thank Tom Cummings and Dannette Vargas for technical assistance and Drs. Lori Carris, Gaylon Campbell, and Robert Thornton for their critical review of the manuscript.
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Miller, J.S., Johnson, D.A. Aggressiveness of Phytophthora Infestans Genotypes on Potato Stems and Leaves at Three Temperatures. Am. J. Potato Res. 91, 538–553 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-014-9387-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-014-9387-7