Taxonomy and geographic distribution of Carex lucorum var. austrolucorum (section Acrocystis, Cyperaceae)

Abstract

Carex lucorum currently comprises two morphologically similar varieties. We revise the taxonomy of C. lucorum, and map the distribution of the taxa. Based on multivariate analyses and analyses of variance of measured characters, allopatry, and previous studies revealing differences in achene micromorphology, chromosome differences, and flavonoid chemistry, we elevate C. lucorum var. austrolucorum to species status as C. austrolucorum. We provide an identification key to C. lucorum and its closest relatives.

Appendix. List of representative specimens

Asterisks denote the specimens measured for morphometric analysis.

Carex austrolucorum. U.S.A. ALABAMA. Cleburne Co.: Cheaha Mountain, 8 May 1989, Orzell 9520 (MICH*). GEORGIA. Dawson Co.: Burnt Mountain Tract, 13 Apr 2002, Kruse 02-41 (DOV*). Lumpkin Co.: Chestatee Overlook, 13 May 1986, Rettig 1587 (MICH*). Murray Co.: Grassy Mtn., 10 May 2001, Moore 680 (DOV*). Rabun Co.: Hwy 76 west of Clayton, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1570 (MICH); Black Rock Mountain State Park, 25 May 1992, Reznicek 9004 (MICH*, NCU); U.S. Hwy 441, 18 Apr 2000, Hyatt 9122 (MICH*). Towns Co.: U.S. Hwy 76 at Dicks Creek Gap, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1572 (MICH); U.S. Hwy 76, W of Rabun Co. line, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1573 (MICH*); Charlie's Creek Road, 15 May 1991, Wieboldt 7601 (MICH*, VPI); S of Jacks Gap on Hwy 180, 16 May 1991, Wieboldt 7624 (MICH*). Union Co.: Chattahoochee National Forest, 9 May 1982, Utech 82-036 (NCU); SW of Hwy 180 spur to Brasstown Bald, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1579 (MICH); Lake Winfield Scott; NE of Suches, 13 May 1986, Rettig 1585 (GH*, MICH); Lake Winfield Scott, between Suches and Choestoe, 18 May 1991, Carter 8641 (MICH*). White Co.: Raven Cliff Falls, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1574 (MICH); Hwy 348 NW of Helen, 12 May 1986, Rettig 1575 (MICH*). KENTUCKY. Breathitt Co.: East from Jackson and off of Hwy 1096, 19 May 1994, McKinney 6184 (MICH*). Laurel Co.: Rock Creek Gorge (Research Natural Area), 13 Jun 1995, Thompson 95-346 (KNK*); W side of Willie Green Road, 21 May 1998, Naczi 7146 (MICH*). Lawrence Co.: ESE of Walbridge, 1 Jun 1993, Cusick 30975 (MICH*). Madison Co.: Burnt Ridge Road, 29 Apr 2011, Poindexter 11-46 (BOON*). McCreary Co.: Cumberland Falls State Nature Preserve, Blue Bend Loop trail, 19 Jun 1997, Naczi 6554 (KNK*, MICH); Cumberland Falls State Nature Preserve, W of Eagle Knob Branch, 20 Jun 1997, Naczi 6588 (KNK*). Menifee Co.: Red River valley, 4 May 1940, Braun 2927 (GH). Washington Co.: Hwy 55 just south of Maud, 4 May 1992, Mckinney 4938 (KNK*). Wolfe Co.: E of St Rt 11 at Torrent Church of God, 6 May 1994, Cusick 31587 (MICH*). NORTH CAROLINA. Ashe Co.: South Fork of New River, 31 May 1958, Radford 34414 (NCU); Bluff Mountain, 24 Jun 1961, Radford 44071 (MICH*); Mount Jefferson State Natural Area and environs, 17 May 2005, Poindexter 05-267 (BOON); same locality, 25 May 2005, Poindexter 05-373 (BOON*). Avery Co.: S of Minneapolis, 3 Jun 1947, Radford s.n. (NCU). Buncombe Co.: Sourwood Gap, 3 May 1977, Rothrock 1083 (MICH*); Northeast of junction of N.C. 9 & U.S. 74, 16 May 1981, Douglas 1129 (NCU); Town of Bat Cave, 6 May 1986, Rettig 1554 (isotype; MICH*). Burke Co.: Linville Gorge Wilderness, 2 Jun 1992, Newell LGW0261 (NCU). Cherokee Co.: Nottely River, 6 Jun 1953, Radford 7128 (NCU). Clay Co.: Perry Gap Road near Buck Creek, 5 Jun 1952, Radford 6189 (NCU*); Nantahala National Forest, along Fires Creek, 16 May 1985, Reznicek 7467 (MICH*). Graham Co.: Above Little Santeetlah Creek, Joyce Kilmer, 18 May 1995, Newell JKW3002 (NCU); Cold Spring Knob, Joyce Kilmer, 27 May 1994, Newell JKW0089 (NCU); confluence of Big Fat Branch and Slickrock Creek, Joyce Kilmer, 8 Jun 1994, Newell JKW0239 (NCU). Haywood Co.: Pisgah Nat. Forest, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1564 (MICH*); Upper end of Lake Logan, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1567 (MICH); Big Cove Creek, Shining Rock Wilderness, 28 May 1993, Newell SRW0209 (NCU); Chestnut Ridge, Shining Rock Wilderness, 2 Jun 1993, Newell SRW0313 (NCU); Pigeon River, Shining Rock Wilderness, 17 Jun 1993, Newell SRW0766 (NCU); Shining Creek Trail, Shining Rock Wilderness, 28 Jun 1993, Newell SRW0897 (NCU); East Fork of the Pigeon River, Shining Rock Wilderness, 2 May 1996, Newell SRW2702 (NCU). Jackson Co.: Blue Ridge Parkway, 23 May 1974, Boufford 13563 (NCU); E of Terrapin Mountain, 17 May 2011, Poindexter 11-85 (BOON, NCU*). Macon Co.: Between Horse Cove and N.C. Rt. 28, 6 May 1971, Godfrey 70201 (NCU); East of Long Branch, 6 Jun 1975, Boufford 16150 (NCU); Olive Nature Preserve, 12 May 1993, Pittillo 11336 (NCU*); Nantahala Lake Dam vicinity, 5 May 2000, Hyatt 9204 (MICH*). Madison Co.: North of Walnut Creek, 10 Jun 1984, Rettig 1033 (GA, digital image); same locality and date, Rettig 1035 (GA, MO, digital images). McDowell Co.: Blue Ridge Parkway, 18 Jun 1984, Rettig 1084 (MICH*). Mitchell Co.: Southeast of Carvers Gap, 16 Jun 1958, Ahles 43241 (NCU); Blue Ridge Parkway, 6 May 1986, Rettig 1549 (MICH*). Swain Co.: Nantahala Gorge, near Blowing Springs, 8 May 1954, Radford 8017 (NCU*); US 19 west of Lauada, 26 May 1974, Boufford 13706 (NCU*). Transylvania Co.: Fork River Ridge, 10 Jun 1962, Radford 44596 (NCU); Upper Bearcamp Creek, 15 Aug 1962, Rodgers 62264a (NCU); Thompson R. at is jct. with Reid Br., 14 May 1970, Ware 3034 (NCU); US 276 northwest of Brevard, 22 May 1974, Boufford 13493 (NCU); Pilot Cove off Yellow Gap Road, 23 Jun 1975, Boufford 16691 (NCU); U.S. Hwy 276, 3.9 mi NW of its jct. with Hwy 64, Pisgah Forest, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1557 (MICH*); U.S. Hwy 276, 4.7 mi NW of its jct. with Hwy 64, Pisgah Forest, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1558 (MICH*); Hwy 276, NW of Pisgah Forest, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1559 (MICH*); Blue Ridge Parkway, 7 May 1986, Rettig 1562 (MICH*). Watauga Co.: South of Aho, 4 May 1958, Ahles 39543 (NCU); West of Blowing Rock, 18 Jun 1958, Ahles 43758 (NCU); Rittle Mountain, 29 May 1970, Moore 3142 (NCU); Julian Price Memorial Park campground, Blue Ridge Parkway, 28 May 1987, Naczi 1656 (KNK*, MICH); Tater Hill Preserve, 7 May 2007, Poindexter 07-113 (BOON). Yancey Co.: Blue Ridge Parkway, east of Busick, 6 May 1986, Rettig 1550 (MICH*). SOUTH CAROLINA. Greenville Co.: Table Rock Reservoir watershed, 22 Jun 1992, Hill 23482 (MICH*); Bryant Mountain, 24 Apr 1995, Hill 26329 (MICH); Glassy Mountain, 25 Jun 1992, Horn 5257 (MICH*); Near headwaters of Humphrie's Creek, 15 May 1995, Nelson 16526 (KNK*). Oconee Co.: Jocasse, 1902, Harbison s.n. (GH). Pickens Co.: SC 178, S of North Carolina state line, 9 May 1988, Horn 2533 (MICH*); N of Rocky Bottom, 3 May 1989, Naczi 2090 (MICH*); Sassafras Mountain, 23 May 1992, Reznicek 8991 (MICH*). TENNESSEE. Anderson Co.: West of Lake City, 7 May 1958, Sharp 20193 (GH, digital image). Blount Co.: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Panther Creek Watershed, 30 Apr 2001, Busemeyer 468 (MICH*). Campbell Co.: West on Stinking Creek Road, 22 Apr 1995, McKinney 6348 (MICH*). Cocke Co.: Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Cosby Watershed, 1 May 1999, Phillippe 30303 (TENN). Fentress Co.: NW of jct. of TN Hwy 154 and Blackhouse Mountain Rd., 21 May 2005, Estes 07345 (APSC). Grundy Co.: Grundy State Forest, 13 May 1965, Clark 1658 (NCU*); 2 mi. w. Monteagle, 9 Apr 1976, Kral 57545 (MICH). Marion Co.: Big Fiery Gizzard Cove, 13 May 1939, Svenson 10042 (GH, digital image). Monroe Co.: 2.5 km above Tellico R. Bridge, 9 May 1993, Churchill 93230 (MICH*). Morgan Co.: Hwy 62 W. of Oliver Springs, 1 May 1976, Rogers 44893 (NCU*); ca. 6 mi. WSW Wartburg, 12 May 1994, Kral 83486 (MICH*). Overton Co.: Near East Branch of Obey River, 6 May 1993, McNeilus 93-502 (TENN). Polk Co.: Smith Creek, 23 Apr 1966, Rogers 44904 (TENN); Intersection of Big Creek and Peter Creek Branch, 21 May 1983, Murrell 205 (TENN). Scott Co.: Hwy 297 between Ranger office and Leatherwood Ford, 29 Apr 2003, Bailey s.n. (NCU). Sevier Co.: Below Cherokee Orchard, Gatlinburg, 29 Apr 1934, Underwood 638 (MICH*); N. end of Gatlinburg, 6 May 1972, Rogers 8054 (NCU); Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Meigs Creek Trail, 23 Apr 2009, Rothfels 2791 (NCU); Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Noah "Bud" Ogle homestead trail, 28 Apr 2011, Poindexter 11-38 (BOON*). Van Buren Co.: Fall Creek Falls State Park, 15 May 2001, Fleming FCF-339 (BOON*, TENN). VIRGINIA. Carroll Co.: Burks Fork Creek, 30 May 1987, Ogle s.n. (VPI); SSW of Fancy Gap, 21 May 2002, Wieboldt 10922 (VPI*). Floyd Co.: Buffalo Mountain, 14 May 1996, Wieboldt 9405 (MICH*, VPI). Grayson Co.: Rt. 603 near Mt. Rogers Trail 166, 5 May 1981, Ogle s.n. (VPI); Trail from Elk Garden to Whitetop Mountain summit, 14 Jun 1984, Wieboldt 5094 (VPI*); NW of Big Horse Creek, 22 Jun 1994, Wieboldt 8926 (VPI). Lee Co.: Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Along Ewing Trail, 10 May 1985, Pounds CG85-51 (TENN). Patrick Co.: Rock Castle Gorge, 27 Jul 1995, Wieboldt 9265 (MICH, VPI*). Scott Co.: NW of Ft. Blackmore, 20 May 1999, Wieboldt 10197 (MICH, VPI*). Smyth Co.: Mount Rogers National Recreation Area, Grindstone Campsite, 24 May 1986, Reznicek 7697 (MICH, VPI*). WEST VIRGINIA. Boone Co.: Fork Creek Wildlife Area, NW of Nellis, 12 May 1993, Cusick 30849 (MICH*).

Carex lucorum . CANADA. NEW BRUNSWICK. Kent Co.: Bass River, 12 Jun 1871, Fowler s.n. (MICH). NOVA SCOTIA. Queens Co.: Ten Mile Lake picnic area, Hwy 8, 30 Jun 1993, Oldham 15051 (MICH*). ONTARIO. City of Kawartha Lakes (formerly Victoria County): W of Uphill, 18 May 1987, Oldham 7145 (MICH*); S. of Cranberry Lake, 31 May 1994, Crins 9868 (MICH*). Lennox and Addington Co.: Mellon Creek at Hwy 41, 16 Jun 1994, Oldham 16218 (MICH*). Muskoka District Municipality: 6-mile Lake Provincial Park, 18 May 1987, Oldham 7138 (MICH*). Nipissing District: Algonquin Prov. Park, E. of Hemlock Bluff Trail, 10 Jun 1991, Crins 8431 (MICH*); Algonquin Provincial Park, Frontier Lake, 6 Jun 1999, Oldham 21622 (MICH*). Peterborough Co.: Long Lake, 4 Jun 1989, Oldham 9162 (MICH*); Sandy Lake Road, N of Havelock, 15 Jun 1995, Oldham 17260 (MICH*). Renfrew Co.: S. of Jocko Lake, 17 Jun 1993, Crins 9221 (MICH*); Round Lake, 21 Jun 1993, Crins 9247 (MICH*). Simcoe Co.: North of Orillia, 7 Jun 1979, Reznicek 5072 (MICH*); Northwest of Washago, 28 Jun 1980, Reznicek 5697 (MICH*). QUEBEC. Argenteuil Regional County Municipality: Hwy 148, east of Rouge River, 3 Jul 1985, Rettig 1412 (MICH*). Joliette Regional County Municipality: Red Lake, 5 Jun 1955, Rolland-Germain 6168 (MICH). Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality: Gatineau Park, 22 Jun 1978, Gagnon D4C-14 (MICH*). Papineau Co.: North of Montebello, 3 Jul 1985, Rettig 1413 (MICH*); West of jct. of Cote Ezilda, 3 Jul 1985, Rettig 1414 (MICH). U.S.A. MAINE. Hancock Co.: E of Cherryfield, 3 Jul 1994, Reznicek 9922 (MICH*). Lincoln Co.: North Whitefield, 30 Jun 1985, Rettig 1391 (MICH). Washington Co.: W of Cherryfield, 4 Jul 1993, Reznicek 9602 (MICH*). MASSACHUSETTS. Middlesex Co.: Southwest of center of Town of Pepperell, 12 May 2002, Lea 2832 (MICH*). MICHIGAN. Alcona Co.: E. of town of Glennie, 24 May 1987, Garlitz 1781 (MICH*). Charlevoix Co.: S of Emmet Co. line, 29 Jun 1979, Wiersema 976A (MICH*). Cheboygan Co.: Douglas Lake, 9 Jul 1917, Smith 24 (MICH*). Chippewa Co.: W. of entrance to Detour St. Park, 24 May 1988, Garlitz 2320 (MICH*). Crawford Co.: South of K P Lake, 27 May 1992, Chittenden 461 (MICH*); S of Grayling Jones Lake Truck Trail, 1 Jun 1992, Chittenden 472 (MICH*). Delta Co.: NNE Isabella, 14 Jun 1989, Henson 2725 (MICH*). Grand Traverse Co.: Vicinity of Bass Lake, southeast of Traverse City, 23 Jun 1956, Dieterle 1713 (MICH*). Kalkaska Co.: Goose Creek, E. of village of Darragh, 29 May 1990, Garlitz 3104 (MICH*); E of pipeline and Howe Rd. intersection, 18 May 1992, Chittenden 402 (MICH). Leelanau Co.: NE of Glen Arbor, 27 May 1982, Reznicek 44 (MICH*). Marquette Co.: South of Flopper Creek, 25 Jun 1985, Guidinger 2889 (MICH*). Midland Co.: West of Greendale, 9 Jun 1929, Dreisbach 5763 (MICH*). Missaukee Co.: Prosper Rd., W edge of Falmouth, 18 May 2001, Cusick 35878 (MICH*). Montmorency Co.: N. of Atlanta, 10 May 1986, Garlitz 1311 (MICH*); N. of Town of Lewiston, 16 May 1987, Garlitz 1762 (MICH*). Newaygo Co.: Opening in dry mesic forest, 12 Jun 2006, Walters 816 (MICH*). Oakland Co.: NW corner of Evanswood Road and Square Lake Road, 5 Jun 2000, Reznicek 11063 (MICH). Roscommon Co.: State Park, Higgins Lake, 18 May 1930, Dreisbach 6634 (MICH*). Saginaw Co.: SW of Frankenmuth, 6 May 1987, Reznicek 7863 (MICH). Schoolcraft Co.: Near old landfill dump, 6 Jul 1974, Henson 583 (MICH); SW of Thompson, 21 Jun 1979, Voss 15117A (MICH*). St. Clair Co.: Port Huron, 31 May 1838, Wright s.n. (MICH*); Port Huron, 8 Jun 1838, Wright s.n. (MICH*). Tuscola Co.: Tuscola St. Game Area, NE of town of Vassar, 10 Jun 1992, Garlitz 3583 (MICH*). Wayne Co.: North of Tyler Road and east of Beck Road, 3 Jun 1992, Brodowicz 1000 (MICH*). Wexford Co.: Manistee River, N. of town of Manton, 30 May 1990, Garlitz 3118 (MICH*). NEW HAMPSHIRE. Merrimack Co.: Concord Pembroke Road under powerline south of road, 24 May 1993, Mehrhoff 16552 (MICH*). NEW JERSEY. Sussex Co.: Ridge, High Point State Park, 2 Aug 1951, Niering s.n. (NCU). NEW YORK. Clinton Co.: Au Sable Forks, 1 Jul 2000, Reznicek 11166 (MICH*). Essex Co.: Adirondack Park, along Whiteface Mt. toll Rd., 3 Jul 1993, Reznicek 9586 (MICH*). Oneida Co.: Oriskany, 5 Jun 1840, Knieskern s.n. (MICH*). Orange Co.: Aleck Meadow Res., 6 Jul 1936, Raup 7526 (MICH). OHIO. Cuyahoga Co.: State Road Park; Parma, 26 May 2002, Wilder 15982 (MICH*). Lucas Co.: Louis W. Campbell State Nature Preserve, 13 May 1993, Reznicek 9257 (MICH*); 1.58 miles from OH Turnpike bridge over OH Rt. 2, 10 May 1994, Bissell 8 (MICH*). PENNSYLVANIA. Carbon Co.: SE of jct. with Hwy 503 and village of Albrightsville, 12 Jun 2002, Reznicek 11321 (MICH*). Centre Co.: NW of Kato, 28 May 1975, Rothrock 299 (MICH*); East of Poe Valley State Park, 15 Jun 1985, Rettig 1321 (MICH*). Clearfield Co.: S. B. Elliott State Park, 10 Jun 1994, Cusick 31736 (MICH, VPI*). Clinton Co.: Sproul State Forest, 19 Jun 1996, Bissell 37 (MICH*). Huntingdon Co.: Rothrock St. Forest Road, south of Jo Hays Vista, 14 Jun 1985, Rettig 1314 (MICH). Lehigh Co.: N. by N.W. of Lehigh Furnace, 21 May 1914, Pretz 6437 (MICH*). Luzerne Co.: North of Hazelton, 5 Jun 1985, Castaner 8492 (VPI). McKean Co.: Allegheny National Forest, along Johnny Cake Trail, 21 Jun 1985, Rettig 1352 (MICH). Monroe Co.: Mt. Pocono, 23 May 1900, Porter s.n. (MICH*). Potter Co.: SSW of Sunderlinville, 23 Jun 1996, Naczi 5797 (KNK*, MICH). Snyder Co.: South of Snyder/Union Co. line, 15 Jun 1985, Rettig 1324 (MICH*). Union Co.: South of Gleniron, 15 Jun 1985, Rettig 1323 (MICH*). Warren Co.: Allegheny National Forest, along road to Hearts Content Scenic Area, 19 Jun 1985, Rettig 1339 (MICH*).

Carex pensylvanica . CANADA. ONTARIO. Stormont Co.: Sheek Island in St. Lawrence River, 17 Jun 1954, Dore 15100 (NCU*). U.S.A. ILLINOIS. Vermilion Co.: Mission Field, Oakwood, 30 May 1914, Crane 1574 (NCU*). INDIANA. Elkhart Co.: South of Middlebury, 22 May 1944, Kriebel 10095 (NCU*). IOWA. Hardin Co.: SW of Steam Boat Rock, 20 May 1962, Thorne 30060 (NCU*). MARYLAND. Allegany Co.: Potomac River, east of Oldtown, 6 May 1970, Downs 10473 (NCU*). MASSACHUSETTS. Hampshire Co.: East slope of Horse Mt., Hatfield, 6 Jun 1972, Ahles 75305 (NCU*). Norfolk Co.: Milton, Thatcher Plain, 8 Jun 1912, Cheever s.n. (NCU*). MICHIGAN. Oceana Co.: North of Pentwater, 29 May 1952, Chase 12420 (NCU*). NEW YORK. Monroe Co.: Pinnacle road, near Rush, 18 May 1930, Matthews 3038 (NCU*). NORTH CAROLINA. Alleghany Co.: Air Bellows Gap Rd., 19 May 2008, Poindexter 08-150 (BOON, NCU*). Ashe Co.: Mount Jefferson State Natural Area and environs, 26 May 2005, Poindexter 05-425 (BOON*). Avery Co.: S of Minneapolis, 3 Jun 1947, Radford s.n. (NCU*). Davie Co.: South Yadkin River, WNW of Cooleemee, 11 May 1956, Radford 10947 (NCU*). Haywood Co.: Southeast of Waynesville, 25 Apr 1958, Ahles 38857 (NCU*); Blue Ridge Parkway, Mount Hardy, 9 Jun 1975, Boufford 16260 (NCU*). Mitchell Co.: Southeast of Carvers Gap, 16 Jun 1958, Ahles 43241 (NCU*); Northwest of Spruce Pine, 2 May 1958, Ahles 39188 (NCU*). Orange Co.: Chapel Hill, 4 May 1897, Ashe 1966 (NCU*). Swain Co.: Southwest slope of Mt. Buckley, 26 Jun 1958, Ramseur 4445 (NCU*). Transylvania Co.: Blue Ridge Parkway, 9 Jun 1975, Boufford 16199 (NCU*). OHIO. Jefferson Co.: Valley of Brush Creek, 23 May 1965, Cusick 410 (NCU*). PENNSYLVANIA. Bedford Co.: W of Cessna, 28 May 1942, Berkheimer 3056 (NCU*). Centre Co.: Ingleby, E. of Coburn, 4 Jun 1939, Wahl 2105 (NCU*). Huntingdon Co.: E of Shade Valley, 11 May 1953, Westerfeld 7175 (NCU*). TENNESSEE. Van Buren Co.: Fall Creek Falls State Park, along Turkey Pen Ridge Trail, 19 May 2001, Fleming FCF-42 (NCU*). Unicoi Co.: Unaka Springs Bluffs, along Nolichucky River, 23 May 1953, Sharp 17438 (TENN*). VIRGINIA. Botetourt Co.: SW of Arcadia, 6 May 1967, James N-327 (NCU*). WISCONSIN. Vernon Co.: Kickapoo River, 10 May 1959, Hartley 6448 (NCU*). Vilas Co.: N of Thunder Bay, 16 Jul 1961, Iltis 18076 (NCU*).