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Phylogeny of the tribe Marsdenieae (Apocynaceae), reinstatement of Ruehssia and the taxonomic treatment of the genus in Brazil

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Summary

The Marsdenieae (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) comprise approximately 750 species and 26 accepted genera, half of which contain just one or two species. The tribe has been under-represented in phylogenetic studies to date, most of which have focussed on the ornamental paleotropical genus Hoya and related genera. American Marsdenieae are all currently classified in Marsdenia, a heterogeneous genus with about 150 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics and whose broad circumscription has been questioned for a long time. Here, we perform phylogenetic analyses comprising half of the tribe's genera and using two plastid (trnL-F and psbD-trnT) and two nuclear (ITS and ETS) regions. Our analyses show that the American species of Marsdenia are monophyletic but not closely related to M. tinctoria, the type of the genus. Thus, we reinstate Ruehssia H.Karst. to classify this American clade of Marsdenieae. We present a taxonomic revision of the genus in Brazil, with 42 species (one with two varieties) recognised. Other than R. macrophylla, the type of Ruehssia, all names are new combinations. One new synonym is proposed and 10 lectotypes and two neotypes are selected. All species are described and illustrated, together with comments and distribution maps for their occurrence in Brazil.

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Acknowledgements

This work is part of the first author’s PhD thesis, developed at Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana with a CNPq scholarship and support from the projects Reflora (CAPES and CNPq), Young Scientist (FAPESB No. JCB0049 / 2016) and Universal (CNPq No. 485468 / 2013-1). We thank Danilo J. L. Sousa, for preparing the maps and helping to prepare the figures. AR is a CNPq Pq-1D reseacher.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Formação em Tecno-Ciências e Inovação, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Rua Itabuna, s/n, Km 39, BR-415, Ferradas, Itabuna, Bahia, 45613-204, Brazil

    Fabio da Silva do Espírito Santo

  2. Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil

    Fabio da Silva do Espírito Santo, Alessandro Rapini & Patrícia Luz Ribeiro

  3. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, 44380-000, Brazil

    Patrícia Luz Ribeiro

  4. Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany

    Sigrid Liede-Schumann

  5. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK

    David J. Goyder

  6. Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Fanerógamas, Museu Nacional-UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20949-040, Brazil

    Jorge Fontella-Pereira

Authors
  1. Fabio da Silva do Espírito Santo
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  2. Alessandro Rapini
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  3. Patrícia Luz Ribeiro
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  4. Sigrid Liede-Schumann
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  5. David J. Goyder
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  6. Jorge Fontella-Pereira
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Correspondence to Fabio da Silva do Espírito Santo.

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Figure S1.

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Marsdenieae from Bayesian inference analysis with plastid data (trnL-F and psbD-trnT). Above the branches, the posterior probability of clades (≥ 0.75). (PNG 350 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 3550 kb)

Figure S2.

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Marsdenieae from Bayesian inference analysis with nuclear (ITS and ETS) data. Above the branches, the posterior probability of clades (≥ 0.75) with nuclear data. (PNG 285 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 3588 kb)

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Appendix 1: List of specimens studied (species numbers in parentheses after collection numbers)

Araújo, D. 1054 (1), 1817 (8), 4623 (11), 7960 (15B), 8063 (15B); Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. 7979 (31), 8210 (31), 8423 (31); Agra, M. F. 221 (1), 5712 (1), 6098 (8); Albuquerque, N. A. 14 (8); Almeida, S. S. 283 (31); Alvarenga, D. 495 (15A); Amorim, A. M. 911 (2); Anderson, W. R. 7407 (24), 9140 (1); Andrade, I. R. s.n. HUEFS 2152 (42); Andrade, W. M. 128 (14); Andrade-Lima, D. 34 (31), 50-560 (1), 50-711 (8), 55-2010 (8), 59-3353 (8), 66-4873 (8), 67-4926 (8), 80-8831 (20), 80-8963 (1), 80-9751 (8), 80-9799 (8), 296-68 (41),1103 (20), 3997 (8); Antunes, J. 26 (1); Araújo, A. O. 11 (42); Araújo, P. A. M. s.n. RB 51378 (17); Argent, G. 6677 (41); Assis, A. M. 690 (2), 1297 (12), 2015 (2); Assis, P. F. 505 (18); Azevedo, L. O. 451 (25), 463 (25); Azevedo, M. L. M. 256 (15A);

Baldwin Jr., J. T. 3690 (41); Barbosa, E. 1 (11), 2786 (1); Barbosa, M. R. 2596 (1), 2673 (20), 2856 (8), 2881 (20), 2882 (1); Barreto, K. D. 1996 (18); Barroso, G. M. s.n. UB s.n. (24); Bautista, H. P. 734 (8); Belém, R. P. 1625 (25), Berg, C. C. 455 (5); Blanchet, J. S. 3539 (1); Bocage, A. s.n. IPA 73425 (29); Bondar, G. 22 (42); Borba, E. L. 2160 (8), Bovini, M. G. 710 (11), Brade, A. C. 7904 (18), 15332 (17), 19784 (17); Braz, E. s.n. HST 53735 (1); Brito, H. S. 286 (1); Brito, Z. 51 (14); Burchell, W. J. 7310 (1), 7814 (41), 8030 (1), 8156 (41), 8729 (1); Buril, M. T. 266 (20);

Campbell, D. G. s.n. P 22337 (31), s.n. P 22415 (31); Cantarelli, J. R. R. 61 (8), 64 (1), 77 (8), 86 (8), 102 (8), 151 (8), 199 (20); Cardoso, D. 753 (8), 878 (1), 3332 (35); Cardoso, W. C. 148 (17); Carneiro, J. 1680 (18), 3750 (8); Carneiro, S. J. 481 (18); Carvalho, A. M. 1571 (8), 1800 (42), 1972 (8), 3969 (42); Carvalho-Sobrinho, J. G. 2331 (20); Castro, A. S. F. 667 (1), 2604 (1); Castro, R. 10719 (41); Catharino, E. L. M. 1140 (18); Cavalcante, N. B. 30 (1); Cavalcante, P. 178 (31), 548 (31), 2351 (41), 3096 (31); Cavalcanti, T. B. 1784 (41), 1900 (41), 3379 (41); Ceccantini, G. C. T. 3668 (1), 3716 (1); Chagas, D. B. 183 (4); Chase, M. W. 3904 (10); Cid Ferreira, C. A. 117 (31), 319 (31), 403 (31), 691 (31), 1031 (31), 1293 (31), 1304 (31), 1701 (31), 2032 (31), 2144 (31), 3392 (31), 3601 (31), 3681 (31), 6813 (31), 7999 (31); Coêlho, L. 1846 (1); Coelho, L. S. 19 (31); Conceição, A. A. 2645 (38); Conceição, G. M. 355 (41); 2205 (8); Cordeiro, I. 322 (31), 2205 (8); Cordovil, S. P. 115 (41); Correia, C. 309 (20); Costa, A. C. G. 36 (20); Costa, A. L. 883 (11), s.n. ALCB 3343 (11); Costa, J. 156 (11); Costa, J. T. 67-28 (1); Costa, R. M. T. 65 (20), 81 (20), 189 (20); Costa-Lima, J. L. 109 (20), 320 (1), 1960 (1);

Dal Col, A. C. S. 74 (17), 217 (18); Dausereau, P. s.n. RB 57164 (11); Delgado-Júnior, G. C. 171 (1), 202 (29), 255 (20), 651 (15A); Demuner, V. 748 (17), 928 (18), 1643 (17), 2058 (18), 2531 (18), 2944 (17), 3085 (18), 4010 (17); Dias, B. J. 120 (42); Duarte, A. P. 3898 (17), 7763 (9), 7764 (1), 9004 (18), 9044 (34), 9525 (42), 9993 (42), 10581 (1), 10623 (8); Ducke, A. 2415 (18), s.n. EAC 1097 (1), s.n. RB 21680 (3), s.n. RB 22487 (16), s.n. RB 37606 (31), s.n. SPF 191271 (16);

Egler, W. A. 743 (1), 46527 (30); Eiten, G. 8891 (41); Emperaire, L. s.n. RB 531278 (42); Emygdio, L. 6186 (18); Espírito Santo, F. S. 158 (8), 192 (34), 193 (32), 194 (23), 195 (42), 196 (1), 197 (8), 198 (8), 200 (26), 201 (14), 217 (14), 224 (18), 228 (2), 229 (11); Esteves, G. L. 1669 (8);

Farinaccio, M. A. 798 (1); Farney, C. 1743 (31), 2843 (1); Félix, L. P. 7045 (8); Fernandes, D. 741 (11); Fernandes, H. Q. B. 3495 (18); Ferreira, E. V. R. 222 (1); Ferreira, J. L. 350 (8); Ferreira, W. F. 3342 (11); Fevereiro, P. C. 301 (8); Fevereiro, V. P. B. 728 (8); Figueirêdo, L. S. 537 (1); Filgueiras, T. S. 3097 (33); Folli, D. A. 1850 (2), 3342 (2), 4332 (18), 4424 (12), 4430 (18), 5109 (18); Fonseca, M. L. 2405 (28); Fonseca, M. R. 1340 (20); Fonsêca, S. G. 1341 (41); Fontana, A. P. 1063 (17), 1151 (17) 2336 (17), 5700 (17), 6457 (20), 7464 (17), 8173 (17), 8953 (8); Fontella, J. 2281 (11), 3930 (11); Fortius, G. A. 3314 (14), 3616 (1); Forzza, R. C. 1581 (28), 3817 (36), 4068 (42), 4674 (28), 6937 (31), 7490 (8); Fraga, C. N. 431 (17), 1915 (17), 2095 (17), 3509 (17); França, F. 1321 (8), 1368 (8), 3545 (42), 4158 (36), 5138 (8), 5163 (8), 5247 (1); Fróes, R. L. 21025 (31), 22567 (31), 26277 (31), 26381 (31), 28801 (31), 29342 (31), 34868 (31);

Gadelha-Neto, P. C. 1409 (8), 1937 (8), 2738 (8); Ganev, W. 1358 (36); Gardner, G. 732 (17), 3324 (41); Gibbs, P. 2798 (1), Glaziou, A. F. M. 4090 (36), 5940 (36), 7762 (18), 12953 (17), 12959 (1), 13472 (17), 15224 (18); Goldenberg, R. 1127 (18), 2158 (17); Gomes, J. M. L. 1664 (18), 2235 (18), 3015 (17); Gomes, M. L. 60 (14); Gomes, P. 1 (8), 13 (8), 23 (8), 355 (8), 733 (8); Gonçalves, R. M. G. s.n. SPF 193492 (18); Goulding, M. 2184 (31); Griz, L. s.n. HST 13960 (1); Grogan, J. 31 (1); Guarino, E. S. G. 364 (15A), 365 (15A); Guedes, M. L. 1573 (8), 7261 (1), 7326 (20), 10361 (42), 15884 (1), s.n. ALCB 16898 (11), s.n. ALCB 20679 (11), s.n. ALCB 21034 (11);

Harley, R. M. 10567 (15A), 10876 (41), 19427 (8), 20521 (8), 21245 (1), 21397 (42), 21425 (1), 21469 (42), 21554 (1), 25506 (9), 28223 (8), CFCR 6694 (34), H50541 (36); Hatschbach, G. 15251 (13), 44277 (8), 45078 (8), 48711 (12), 50015 (8), 51554 (1), 55182 (30), 63440 (1), 74231 (1), 75796 (8), 76121 (1), 76279 (21), 78449 (23); Henz, E. 35816 (22); Heringer, E. P. 440 (1), 697 (14), 866 (14), 3663 (24), 5397 (1), 5718 (40), 5719 (1), 5803 (40), 5804 (1), 14092 (24), 18178 (1), s.n. HB 29981 (41); Heron, L. 91 (11); Hind, D. J. N. 64 (11); Hoehne, F. C. 4523 (1), 4718 (19), 4720 (19), 4721 (19), 4722 (19); Hora, M. J. 479 (20); Humboldt, W. 5270 (18);

Irwin, H. S. 6642 (41), 6743 (41), 6897 (41), 8054 (1), 8845 (15A), 10349 (6), 13940 (24), 15973 (41), 16690 (1), 21637 (1), 25248 (24), 25353 (24), 30765A (36), 32106 (24), 34495 (24), s.n. UB 21637 (1);

Jardim, J. G. 3471 (42), 5543 (20), 5745 (20), 6288 (8), 6572 (20); Jesus, N. G. 847 (15A); Jost, T. 483 (1), 529 (30), 531 (42); Jouvin, P. P. 187 (11); Jrause, L. 58 (8);

Kawasaki, M. L. 7577 (1); Kirkbride Jr., J. H. 3380 (24); Klug, G. 477 (16); Knowles, O. H. 1210 (31), 1426 (16); Kollmann, L. 3400 (18), 7412 (17), 10182 (18), 11667 (17), 11818 (17), 12602 (17); Krause, L. 132 (8), 155 (8); Krieger, L. 11836 (18), 19655 (17), 24505 (15A); Kubitzki, K. 79-146 (31); Kuhlmann, J. G. 353 (17), 1251 (30), 1265 (6), 1268 (19), 6624 (26);

Laclette, P. 578 (36); Laurênio, A. 52 (29); Leal, C. G. 311 (1); Leite, J. E. 978 (18); Leite, K. R. B. 118 (20); Leite, M. S. 571 (8); Lemes, K. M. 4097 (41); Lemos Fróes, R. 11913 (18); Leopoldino, A. A. 17 (20); Lewis, G. P. 771 (10); Liebig, A. 75 (1); Lima, C. T. 52 (8); Lima, F. C. 2208 (36); Lima, I. B. 37 (1), 48 (1) 49 (20), 63 (1), 100 (29), 109 (1), 121 (29), 127 (29), 171 (29); Lima, J. C. A. 269 (36); Lima, R. 1892 (36); Lira, S. S. 75 (8), 98 (8); Lisbôa, P. 1099 (31); Lombardi, J. A. 4463 (42), 4778 (1); Loureiro, A. INPA 37582 (31), s.n. INPA 37977 (31), s.n. INPA 38069 (31); Lucas, E. J. 960 (2); Lucas, N. M. C. VIES 2569 (17); Lutz, A. R. 202180 (1);

M.S.C. 39 (17); Maas, P. J. M. 6717 (31), 6813 (31); Macedo, A. 580 (1), 585 (18), 1304 (18), 1936 (41), 1994 (41), 2009 (18), 2298 (1), 4857 (41); Machado, A. F. P. 1219 (8); Machado, D. N. S. 399 (17); Maciel, A. 176 (1); Madison, M. 18912 (1), s.n. PFE 285 (31); Maguire, B. 34704 (31); Maia, L. A. 401 (31); Malme, G. O. A. 1116 (19), s.n. HUEFS 85670 (19), s.n. R 20424 (1); Marcondes Ferreira, W. 1033 (1); Marinho, A. M. 163 (1); Marinho, L. C. 405 (8); Mariz, G. 471 (8); Marquete, N. 404 (11); Marquete, R. 3282 (11); Martinelli, G. 6645 (8), 10378 (36), 11668 (18); Martins, G. N. 109 (17); Mata, M. 2230 (18); Mattos Silva, L. A. 255 (8); Mattos-Filho, A. 1620 (34); Mautone, L. RB 216148 (34); Medeiros, J. B. L. P. EAC 21532 (1); Mello Barreto, H. L. 3153 (1); Mello-Filho, L. E. 1980 (18); Mello-Silva, R. 2293 (28); Melo, E. 1885 (8), 3899 (8), 4150 (8), 6238 (1), 10471 (1), 10575 (1), 10653 (1), 11254 (8), 11778 (8); Melo, J. I. M. 658 (20); Mendonça, R. C. 275 (15A), 2829 (41), 2877 (33), 4478 (28); Mezabarba, V. P. 16 (18); Miers, J. 3787 (17); Mileski, E. 131 (30); Milliken, W. 203 (1), 4138 (36); Miranda, A. M. 752 (8), 1087 (8), 2176 (8), 2489 (8), 3570 (8), 5327 (1), 5505 (1); Miranda, E. B. 49 (15A); Moraes, A. O. 106 (15A); Moraes, J. C. s.n. HST 13863 (8); Mori, S. A. 9035 (31), 9947 (8), 12214 (1), 13496 (42), 21248 (31), 21773 (31), 21775 (31); Morillo, G. 14402 (11); Moro, M. F. 496 (1); Mota, C. D. 2987 (31); Moura, D. 1216 (20); Moura, E. O. 283 (29);

Nádia, T. C. L. 202 (20), 240 (20); Nascimento, O. C. 644 (31); Nascimento, V. L. 37 (1); Noblick, L. R. 4191 (1); Nunes, T. S. 691 (1), 1059 (1), 1265 (1), 1381 (2); Nusbaumer, L. LN 4332 (8);

Oliveira, A. A. 2653 (31); Oliveira, A. C. P. 2880 (8); Oliveira, D. G. 304 (1), 663 (8); Oliveira, E. L. P. G. 199 (1); Oliveira, F. C. A. 889 (41); Oliveira, L. B. 93 (8); Oliveira, M. 3757 (1); Oliveira, R. 15 (20), 57 (20), 138 (20);

Pabst, G. 8329 (34); Paula, J. E. 3268 (1); Paula, L. F. A. 1018 (25); Paula-Souza, J. 5484 (20), 5495 (8), 5563 (34); Pearson, H. P. N. 56 (1); Pereira, B. A. S. 819 (15A), 3732 (1); Pereira, E. 1871 (41); Pereira, O. J. 73 (17), 1174 (2), 1383 (17), 1841 (2), 1847 (2), 1871 (2), 2052 (17), 2250 (18), 2291 (2), 2308 (2), 2316 (2), 5380 (2); Pereira, R. 705 (29); Pereira, S. V. 73 (17); Pereira-Silva, G. 6867 (4); Pessoa, M. C. 1 (8), 46 (8), 47 (8); Pessoa, S. V. A. 598 (36); Pickel, B. 840 (1), 3715 (29); Pimenta, W. A. 5 (1); Pimentel, L. B. 8 (1); Pinheiro, H. 77 (18); Pinheiro, K. 927 (1), 1332 (1) 1334 (1); Pinheiro, R. S. 2039 (8); Pinto, G. C. P. 193 (8); Pirani, J. R. 1999 (36), 3778 (1), 4399 (9); Pires, J. M. 857 (18), 2008 (30), 3992 (31), 14685 (3); Plowman, T. 8552 (18), 8654 (30); Ponte-Filho, F. A. M. 90 (1); Pontes, A. J. 400 (27); Pontual, I. 66-344 (8), 78-1676 (8); Poole, J. M. 1811 (31), 2002 (35); Popovkin, A. V. 754 (2), 1007 (2); Prance, G. T. 1972 (16), 58689 (16); Proença, C. 1850 (41);

Queiroz, E. P. 5090 (1), 1409 (11), 1654 (15A), 3287 (8), 5711 (42), 5721 (42), 5829 (15A), 5886 (1), 6207 (1), 7959 (1), 7964 (1), 11015 (41), 12195 (8), 12705 (42), 15184 (1), 16004 (8); Quirino, Z. G. 32 (20);

Rabelo, B. V. 1360 (3); Rambo, B. 2249 (22), 53185 (22); Ramos, J. 54 (41); Rapini, A. 384 (36), 806 (36), 847 (36), 865 (42), 876 (8), 1125 (8), 1198 (1), 1226 (20), 1235 (15A), 1430 (42), 1477 (7), 1800 (36), 1902 (42), 1903 (23), 1987 (32), 2004 (36), 2047 (1); Ratter, J. A. 3745 (15A), 5110 (19); Regnell, A. F. III 893 (22); Reitz, R. 8104 (22), 9347 (22); Richards, P. W. 6677 (41); Riet-Correa, F. HUEFS 145546 (20); Rizzini, C. T. s.n. RB 313843 (34); Rodart, A. ALCB 57993 (11); Rodrigues, W. 218 (31), 832 (31), 834 (31), 846 (31), 1119 (31), 2478 (31), 2500 (31), 2689 (31), 5282 (31), 10308 (30); Roosmalen, M. G. M. 1039 (31), 1327 (31); Roque, A. A. 407 (20), 690 (20), 1480 (29), 1511 (8), 1567 (1); Roque, N. 2698 (36);

Saar, E. PCD N° 5094 (1); Saavedra, M. M. 949 (8); Saint-Hilaire, A. 1506 (34), A2 123 (15A) C1 11 (36); Salino, A. 4047 (15A); Santana, D. L. 510 (20); Santo, I. E. 301 (11); Santos, A. A. 375 (42), 2213 (1), 2220 (28); Santos, A. P. M. 187 (18), 287 (1); Santos, E. B. 297 (8); Santos, R. G. P. 80 (18), 87 (11), 88 (17), 89 (18); Santos, V. 222 (8); Sasaki, D. 460 (41), 461 (18), 1192 (41), 1620 (18); Schultes, R. E. 8913 (31), 24568 (31); Sevilha, A. C. 2138 (28), 3088 (28), 3303 (1), 4138 (28); Silva, A. C. C. P. 18 (1); Silva, A. G. 5234 (17); Silva, B. R. 1441 (15A); Silva, F. F. S. 726 (1); Silva, J. A. C. 959 (31), 1071 (31); Silva, J. G. R 187450 (11); Silva, J. M. 5199 (13); Silva, J. P. 142-A (37); Silva, L. s.n. ALCB 20443 (11); Silva, M. A. 3384 (1), 3537 (41), 4649 (41), 4193 (30), 4351 (1), 4420 (1), 4425 (41), 4644 (28); Silva, M. F. 37 (31), 1167 (31), 1348 (31), 1651 (35); Silva, M. F. B. L. 74 (8); Silva, M. F. F. 288 (30); Silva, M. G. 4832 (1); Silva, N. T. 634 (16); Silva, R. A. 2869 (14); Silva, S. I. 42 (8); Silva, T. R. S. CFCR 12710 (36); Silva Manso, M. 25 (6), 30 (6), 7613 (6); Silva Santos, R. s.n. HB 28205 (41); Silveira, E. s.n. EAC 31984 (1); Simões, A. O. 1263 (1); Simonelli, M. 1314 (17); Siqueira, G. S. 1017 (18); Siqueira-Filho, J. A. 1742 (1), 2368 (8); Soares, E. 314 (31), 440 (31); Sobral-Leite, M. 1058 (8); Souza, E. B. s.n. EAC 20124 (20); Souza, E. R. 709 (8); Souza, M. C. 288 (11), 593 (17); Souza, R. 10422 (41); Souza, V. C. 5176 (34), 20688 (19), 26516 (8); Spruce, R. 1487 (31), 3404 (35), s.n. K 95823 (31); Stannard, B. L. 734 (1); Steward, W. C. 371 (31); Steyermark, J. A. 102659 (35); Strudwick, J. J. 3148 (1); Sucre, D. 2712 (17), 3903 (11), 6341 (36), 6362 (36), 7574 (17), 8310 (12), 9565 (18), 9704 (36);

Taylor, N. P. 1557 (20); Teixeira, L. O. A. 596 (1); Thomas, W. 4169 (37), 5376 (31); Traill, J. W. H. 521 (31), 533 (41), 534 (41); Tsugaru, S. B-945 (31);

Ule, E. H. G. 7012 (39);

Valls, J. F. M. 9208 (1); Vasconcelos, J. C. M. 2050 (8); Vasconcelos, L. V. 971 (5), 1008 (5); Viana, A. 494 (8); Vieira, A. O. S. 33 (18); Villarouco, F. M. O. 131 (8); Vinha, P. C. 1226 (17), s.n. VIES 258 (2);

Walter, B. M. T. 1196 (1), 2220 (15A), 2816 (42), 3010 (24), 4859 (15A); Warming, J. E. B. 23 (40), 1079 (18), 1818 (40), 21457 (36), 21459 (18), 21461 (41), 1815/2 (18), 1821 (41); Way, M. J. 2459 (1); Weddell, H. A. 2803 (41); Weinberg, B. 275 (17), 276 (17), 277 (17), 291 (17), 744 (17); Williams, L. O. 8204 (1); Wurdack, J. J. 43031 (31);

Yamakoshi, I. M. 143 (31); Yoshida-Arns, K. BHRG 513 (1);

Zappi, D. C. 1434, (18), 2687 (36), 3092 (18); Zarucchi, J. L. 2652 (18), 2654 (41), 2886 (31), 3034 (31); Zehntner, L. 572 (42).

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Espírito Santo, F., Rapini, A., Ribeiro, P.L. et al. Phylogeny of the tribe Marsdenieae (Apocynaceae), reinstatement of Ruehssia and the taxonomic treatment of the genus in Brazil. Kew Bull 74, 30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-019-9807-4

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