Abstract
The genus Geobacillus is one of the most important genera which mainly comprises gram-positive thermophilic bacterial strains including obligate aerobes, denitrifiers and facultative anaerobes having capability of endospore formation as well. The genus Geobacillus is widely distributed in nature and mostly abundant in extreme locations such as cool soils, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, marine trenches, hay composts and dairy plants. Due to plasticity towards environmental adaptation, the Geobacillus sp. shows remarkable genome diversification and acquired many beneficial properties, which facilitates their exploitation for many biotechnological applications. Many thermophiles are of biotechnological importance and having considerable interest in commercial applications for the production of industrially important products. Recently, due to catabolic versatility especially in the degradation of hemicellulose and starch containing agricultural waste and rapid growth rates, these microorganisms show potential for the production of biofuels, thermostable enzymes and bioremediation. This review mainly summarizes the status of Geobacillus sp. including its notable properties, biotechnological studies and its potential application in the production of industrially important products.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd-Rahman RNZR, Leow TC, Salleh AB, Basri M (2007) Geobacillus zalihae sp. nov., a thermophilic lipolytic bacterium isolated from palm oil mill effluent in Malaysia. BMC Microbiol 7:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-7-77
Abdel-Fattah YR (2002) Optimization of thermostable lipase production from a thermophilic Geobacillus sp. using Box-Behnken experimental design. Biotech Lett 24:1217–1222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016167416712
Abol Fotouh DM, Bayoumi RA, Hassan MA (2016) Production of thermoalkaliphilic lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans DA2 and application in leather industry. Enzyme Res. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9034364
Abol-Fotouh D, AlHagar OE, Hassan MA (2021) Optimization, purification, and biochemical characterization of thermoalkaliphilic lipase from a novel Geobacillus stearothermophilus FMR12 for detergent formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 181:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.111
Adhikari H, Ghimire S, Khatri B, Kc Y (2021) Polyphasic analysis of two thermotolerant, and exozymes producing Geobacillus species from hot spring of Nepal. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2017.6.4.1059-1064
Adkins JP, Cornell LA, Tanner RS (1992) Microbial composition of carbonate petroleum reservoir fluids. Geomicrobiol J 10:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490459209377909
Ahmad S, Scopes RK, Rees GN, Patel BKC (2000) Saccharococcus caldoxylosilyticus sp. nov., an obligately thermophilic, xylose-utilizing, endospore-forming bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:517–523. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-50-2-517
Ahmad A, Hartman HB, Krishnakumar S, Fell DA, Poolman MG, Srivastava S (2017) A genome scale model of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (C56-YS93) reveals its biotechnological potential on rice straw hydrolysate. J Biotechnol 251:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.031
Ahmad W, Tayyab M, Aftab MN, Hashmi AS, Ahmad MD, Firyal S, Awan AR (2020) Optimization of conditions for the higher level production of protease: characterization of protease from Geobacillus SBS-4S. Waste Biomass Valoriz 11:6613–6623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-00935-4
Algan M, Sürmeli Y, Şanlı-Mohamed G (2021) A novel thermostable xylanase from Geobacillus vulcani GS90: production, biochemical characterization, and its comparative application in fruit juice enrichment. J Food Biochem 45:e13716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13716
Aliyu H, Lebre P, Blom J, Cowan D, De-Maayer P (2016) Phylogenomic re-assessment of the thermophilic genus Geobacillus. Syst Appl Microbiol 39:527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2016.09.004
Ash C, Farrow JAE, Wallbanks S, Collins MD (1991) Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences. Lett Appl Microbiol 13:202–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00608.x
Atsumi S, Hanai T, Liao JC (2008) Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels. Nature 451:86–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06450
Baek DH, Lee YJ, Sin HS, Oh DK (2014) A new thermophile strain of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans having L-arabinose isomerase activity for tagatose production. J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:312–316. https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200411922330695.page
Basha PA (2021) Oil degrading lipases and their role in environmental pollution. In: Recent Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821406-0.00025-4
Baykara SG, Sürmeli Y, Şanlı-Mohamed G (2021) Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable serine protease from Geobacillus sp. GS53. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 193:1574–1584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03512-0
Bhagat DH, Patel CN, Gohel HR, Pandya HA, Dave SR, Tipre DR (2021) Prediction and characterization of substrate specificity and thermal stability for thermostable aliphatic amidases: an in-silico approch. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 12:1–2. https://sciensage.info/admin/uploads/paper/12%20(1-2)1312213.pdf
Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK (2015) Highly thermostable xylanase production from a thermophilic Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 utilizing lignocellulosic biomass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 3:84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00084
Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P (2019) A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective. Bioresources and Bioprocessing 6:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-019-0276-2
Bibra M, Kunreddy VR, Sani RK (2018) Thermostable xylanase production by Geobacillus sp. strain DUSELR13, and its application in ethanol production with lignocellulosic biomass. Microorganisms 6:93. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030093
Bibra M, Rathinam NK, Johnson GR, Sani RK (2020) Single pot biovalorization of food waste to ethanol by Geobacillus and Thermoanaerobacter spp. Renew Energy 155:1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.093
Burhan A, Nisa U, Gokhan C, Omer C, Ashabil A, Osman G (2003) Enzymatic properties of a novel thermostable, thermophilic, alkaline and chelator resistant amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Isolate ANT-6. Process Biochem 38:1397–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00037-2
Burhanoğlu T, Sürmeli Y, Şanlı-Mohamed G (2020) Identification and characterization of novel thermostable α-amylase from Geobacillus sp. GS33. Int J Biol Macromol 164:578–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.171
Chen XG, Stabnikova O, Tay JH, Wang JY, Tay STL (2004) Thermoactive extracellular proteases of Geobacillus caldoproteolyticus, sp. nov., from sewage sludge. Extremophiles 8:489–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-004-0412-5
Chen X, Nielsen KF, Borodina I, Kielland-Brandt MC, Karhumaa K (2011) Increased isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of genes in valine metabolism. Biotechnol Biofuels 4:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-21
Christopher LP, Zambare VP, Zambare A, Kumar H, Malek L (2015) A thermo-alkaline lipase from a new thermophile Geobacillus thermodenitrificans AV-5 with potential application in biodiesel production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 90:2007–2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4678
Cihan AC, Ozcan B, Tekin N, Cokmus C (2011) Geobacillus thermodenitrificans sub sp. calidus, subsp. nov., a thermophilic and α-glucosidase producing bacterium isolated from Kizilcahamam, Turkey. J Gen Appl Microbiol 57:83–92. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.57.83
Collins T, Gerday C, Feller G (2005) Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29:3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.06.005
Cowan DA, Daniel RM (1982) Purification and some properties of an extracellular protease (caldolysin) from an extreme thermophile. Biochim Biophys Acta Protein Struct Mol Enzymol 705:293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(82)90251-5
Coorevits A, Dinsdale AE, Halket G, Lebbe L, De Vos P, Van Landschoot A, Logan NA (2012) Taxonomic revision of the genus Geobacillus: emendation of Geobacillus, G. stearothermophilus, G. jurassicus, G. toebii, G. thermodenitrificans and G. thermoglucosidans (nom. corrig., formerly ‘thermoglucosidasius’); transfer of Bacillus thermantarcticus to the genus as G. thermantarcticus comb. nov.; proposal of Caldibacillus debilis gen. nov., comb. nov.; transfer of G. tepidamans to Anoxybacillus as A. tepidamans comb. nov.; and proposal of Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:1470–1485. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.030346-0
Cripps RE, Eley K, Leak DJ, Rudd B, Taylor M, Todd M, Atkinson T et al (2009) Metabolic engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for high yield ethanol production. Metab Eng 11:398–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2009.08.005
Cuebas M, Sannino D, Bini E (2011) Isolation and characterization of arsenic resistant Geobacillus kaustophilus strain from geothermal soils. J Basic Microbiol 51:364–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201000314
DeFlaun MF, Fredrickson JK, Don H, Pfiffner SM, Onstott TC, Balkwill DL, Van Heerden E (2007) Isolation and characterization of a Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain from an ultra-deep South African gold mine. Syst Appl Microbiol 30:152–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2006.04.003
Dheeran P, Kumar S, Jaiswal YK, Adhikari DK (2010) Characterization of hyperthermostable α-amylase from Geobacillus sp. IIPTN. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86:1857–1866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2430-9
Dinsdale AE, Halket G, Coorevits A, Van Landschoot A, Busse HJ, De Vos P, Logan NA (2011) Emended descriptions of Geobacillus thermoleovorans and Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:1802–1810. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.025445-0
Espinosa-Luna G, Sánchez-Otero MG, Quintana-Castro R, Matus-Toledo RE, Oliart-Ros RM (2016) Gene cloning and characterization of the Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 carboxylesterase CaesCCR11, a new member of family XV. Mol Biotechnol 58:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-015-9901-2
Ezeji TC, Bahl H (2006) Purification, characterization, and synergistic action of phytate-resistant α-amylase and α-glucosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans HRO10. J Biotechnol 125:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.006
Fannin KF, Conrad JR, Srivastava VJ, Jerger DE, Chynoweth DP (1983) Anaerobic processes. J Water Pollut Control Fed 55:623–632. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25041937
Feng L et al (2007) Genome and proteome of long-chain alkane degrading Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2 isolated from a deep-subsurface oil reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:5602–5607. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609650104
Fincan SA, Enez B (2014) Production, purification, and characterization of thermostable α-amylase from thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Starch-Stärke 66:182–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201200279
Forster AH, Gescher J (2014) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of mixed-acid fermentation end products. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 23:16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00016
Fortina MG, Mora D, Schumann P, Parini C, Manachini PL, Stackebrandt E (2001) Reclassification of Saccharococcus caldoxylosilyticus as Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2063–2071. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-6-2063
Gandhi S, Salleh AB, Rahman RNZRA, Chor-Leow T, Oslan SN (2015) Expression and characterization of Geobacillus stearothermophilus SR74 recombinant α-amylase in Pichia pastoris. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/529059
Gerasimova J, Kuisiene N (2012) Characterization of the novel xylanase from the thermophilic Geobacillus thermodenitrificans JK1. Microbiology 81:418–424. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261712040066
Giedraitytė G, Kalėdienė L (2015) Purification and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate produced from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. AY 946034 strain. Chemija 26:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125900
Ginting EL, Wantania L, Moko EM, Tumbol R, Siby M, Wullur S (2021) Isolation and identification of thermophilic amylolytic bacteria from Likupang Marine Hydrothermal, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 22:6. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220638
Govil T, Paste M, Samanta D, David A, Goh KM, Li X, Sani RK et al (2021) Metagenomics and culture dependent insights into the distribution of Firmicutes across two different sample types located in the Black Hills Region of South Dakota, USA. Microorganisms 9:113. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010113
Hamid THTA et al (2021) Isolation of thermophilic lipase producing bacterium from hot springs at the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Life Science 11:1. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.01.01
Hammond T, Liggat JJ (1995) Properties and applications of bacterially derived polyhydroxyalkanoates. In Degradable Polymers 88–111. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2_5
Hartley BS, Payton MA (1983) Industrial prospects for thermophiles and thermophilic enzymes. In Biochemical Society Symposium 48:133–146 (PMID: 6400480)
Haug RT (1977) Sludge processing to optimize digestibility and energy production. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1713–1721. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25039765
Hung VS, Hatada Y, Goda S, Lu J, Hidaka Y, Li Z, Horikoshi K et al (2005) α-Glucosidase from a strain of deep-sea Geobacillus: a potential enzyme for the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:757–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1977-3
Hutadilok-Towatana N, Painupong A, Suntinanalert P (1999) Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. PS719. J Biosci Bioeng 87:581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(99)80118-2
Ibrahim MAC, Ahmad WA (2017) Growth optimization of a thermophilic strain Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus utm6 isolated from Selayang hot spring. eProceedings Chemistry 2:1. http://161.139.21.153/index.php/FYP/article/view/100/pdf
Iqbal I, Aftab MN, Afzal M, Ur-Rehman A, Aftab S, Zafar A, Ul-Haq I et al (2015) Purification and characterization of cloned alkaline protease gene of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. J Basic Microbiol 55:160–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201400190
Ishak SNH, Kamarudin NHA, Ali MSM, Leow ATC, Shariff FM, Rahman RNZRA (2021) Structure elucidation and docking analysis of 5M mutant of T1 lipase Geobacillus zalihae. PloS One 16:6, e0251751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251751
Jo E, Kim J, Lee A, Moon K, Cha J (2021) Identification and characterization of a novel thermostable GDSL-type lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 31:483–491. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2012.12036
Kim YK, Bae JH, Oh BK, Lee WH, Choi JW (2002) Enhancement of proteolytic enzyme activity excreted from Bacillus stearothermophilus for a thermophilic aerobic digestion process. Biores Technol 82:157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00177-8
Konsoula Z, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M (2007) Co-production of alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase by Bacillus subtilis in complex organic substrates. Bioresour Technol 98:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.001
Lin PP, Rabe KS, Takasumi JL, Kadisch M, Arnold FH, Liao JC (2014) Isobutanol production at elevated temperatures in thermophilic Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Metab Eng 24:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.03.006
Logan NA, Vos PD, Dinsdale A (2015) Geobacillus. Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria 17:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00533
Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, Van Z, Pretorius IS et al (2002) Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:506. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002
Lynd LR, van Zyl WH, McBride JE, Laser M (2005) Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16:577–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.08.009
Ma L, Zhao Y, Meng L, Wang X, Yi Y, Shan Y, Lü X et al (2020) Isolation of thermostable lignocellulosic bacteria from chicken manure compost and a m42 family endocellulase cloning from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Y7. Front Microbiol 11:281. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00281
Marcolongo L, La Cara F, Morana A, Di Salle A, Del Monaco G, Paixao SM, Ionata E (2015) Properties of an alkali-thermo stable xylanase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans A333 and applicability in xylo oligosaccharides generation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31:633–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1818-1
Martinez-Klimova E. (2014) Synthetic biology approaches to the metabolic engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidans for isobutanol production .thesis, Imperial College London. https://doi.org/10.25560/45409
Miah MS, Tada C, Sawayama S (2004) Enhancement of biogas production from sewage sludge with the addition of Geobacillus sp. strain AT1 culture. Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology 40:97–104. https://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.40.97
Mir MY, Hamid S, Rohela GK, Parray JA, Kamili AN (2021) Composting and bioremediation potential of thermophiles. Soil Bioremediation: an approach towards sustainable technology 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119547976.ch7
Mohamed RA, Salleh AB, Abd Rahman RNZR, Basri M, Leow TC (2012) Isolation of the encoding gene for a thermostable-glucosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus strain RM and its expression in Escherichia coli. Afr J Microbiol Res 6:2909–2917. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1320
Moharana TR, Pal B, Rao NM (2019) X-ray structure and characterization of a thermostable lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 508:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.105
Mora D, Fortina MG, Nicastro G, Parini C, Manachini PL (1998) Genotypic characterization of thermophilic bacilli: a study on new soil isolates and several reference strains. Res Microbiol 149:711–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(99)80018-7
Motta FL, Andrade CC, Santana MH (2013) A review of xylanase production by the fermentation of xylan: classification, characterization and applications. Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass-Techniques, Applications and Commercialization 251–275. https://doi.org/10.5772/53544
Najar IN, Thakur N (2020) A systematic review of the genera Geobacillus and Parageobacillus: their evolution, current taxonomic status and major applications. Microbiology 166:800–816. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000945
Najar IN, Sherpa MT, Das S, Verma K, Dubey VK, Thakur N (2018) Geobacillus yumthangensis sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a north-east Indian hot spring. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3430–3434. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003002
Nazina TN, Lebedeva EV, Poltaraus AB, Tourova TP, Grigoryan AA, Sokolova DS, Osipov GA et al (2004) Geobacillus gargensis sp. nov., a novel thermophile from a hot spring, and the reclassification of Bacillus vulcani as Geobacillus vulcani comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:2019–2024. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02932-0
Nazina TN, Sokolova DS, Grigoryan AA, Shestakova NM, Mikhailova EM, Poltaraus AB, Belyaev SS et al (2005) Geobacillus jurassicus sp. nov., a new thermophilic bacterium isolated from a high-temperature petroleum reservoir, and the validation of the Geobacillus species. Syst Appl Microbiol 28:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2004.09.001
Nazina TN, Tourova TP, Poltaraus AB, Novikova EV, Grigoryan AA, Ivanova AE, Ivanov MV et al (2001) Taxonomic study of aerobic thermophilic bacilli: descriptions of Geobacillus subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Geobacillus uzenensis sp. nov. from petroleum reservoirs and transfer of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus thermocatenulatus, Bacillus thermoleovorans, Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermodenitrificans to Geobacillus as the new combinations G. stearothermophilus, G.th. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:433–446. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-2-433
Nicholl DS (2008) An introduction to genetic engineering. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/591060
Novik G, Savich V, Meerovskaya O (2018a) Geobacillus Bacteria: potential commercial applications in industry, bioremediation, and bioenergy production. In Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76053
Novik G, Savich V, Meerovskaya O (2018b) Geobacillus bacteria: potential commercial applications in industry, bioremediation, and bioenergy production. In Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.7605
Obojska A, Ternan NG, Lejczak B, Kafarski P, McMullan G (2002) Organophosphonate utilization by the thermophile Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus T20. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2081–2084. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.4.2081-2084.2002
Ozdemir SC, Cihan AC, Kilic T, Cokmus C (2021) Optimization of thermostable alpha-amylase production from Geobacillus sp. D413. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 689–694. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2016.6.1.689-694
Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Soccol VT, Singh D, Mohan R (2000) Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 31:135–152. https://doi.org/10.1042/ba19990073
Panosyan H, Di-donato P, Poli A, Nicolaus B (2018) Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans ArzA-6 and Geobacillus toebii ArzA-8 strains isolated from an Armenian geothermal spring. Extremophiles 22:725–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-018-1032-9
Pavlostathis SG, Marchant R, Banat IM, Ternan NG, McMullan G (2006) High growth rate and substrate exhaustion results in rapid cell death and lysis in the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Biotechnol Bioeng 95:84–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20962
Peralta-Yahya PP, Keasling JD (2010) Advanced biofuel production in microbes. Biotechnol J 5:147–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200900220
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (2012) Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels. Nature 488:320–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11478
Prakash O, Jaiswal N (2009) Alpha-amylase: an ideal representative of thermostable enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 160:2401–2414.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8735-4
Rao JUM, Satyanarayana T (2007) Improving production of hyperthermostable and high maltose-forming α-amylase by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans using response surface methodology and its applications. Biores Technol 98:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.022
Romano SD, Sorichetti PA (2010) Introduction to biodiesel production. In Dielectric Spectroscopy in Biodiesel Production and Characterization 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-519-4
Samoylova YV, Piligaev AV, Sorokina KN, Rozanov AS, Peltek SE, Novikov AA, Parmon VN et al (2016) Application of the immobilized bacterial recombinant lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus G3 for the production of fatty acid methyl esters. Catal Ind 8:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050416020082
Sarkar P, Lepcha K, Ghosh S (2021) Purification and characterization of solvent stable lipase from a solvent tolerant strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 602–605. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2016.5.6.602-605
Semenova EM, Sokolova DS, Grouzdev DS, Poltaraus AB, Vinokurova NG, Tourova TP, Nazina TN (2019) Geobacillus proteiniphilus sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a high-temperature heavy oil reservoir in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:3001–3008. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003486
Sharma A, Adhikari S, Satyanarayana T (2007) Alkali-thermostable and cellulase-free xylanase production by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:483–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-006-9250-1
Shaw AJ, Podkaminer KK, Desai SG, Bardsley JS, Rogers SR, Thorne PG, Hogsett DA, Lynd LR (2008) Metabolic engineering of a thermophilic bacterium to produce ethanol at high yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13769–13774. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801266105
Sheng L, Zhang Y, Minton NP (2016) Complete genome sequence of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955, the progenitor of a bioethanol production strain. Genome Announc 4:5. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01065-16
Singh DN, Sood U, Singh AK, Gupta V, Shakarad M, Rawat CD, Lal R (2019) Genome sequencing revealed the biotechnological potential of an obligate thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain RL isolated from hot water spring. Indian J Microbiol 59:351–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-019-00809-x
Sood S, Sharma A, Sharma N, Kanwar SS (2016) Carboxyl-esterases: sources, characterization and broader applications. Insight Enzym Res 1:1–11.https://connectjournals.com/03896.2020.20.3339
Souza AN, Martins ML (2001) Isolamento, propriedades e cinética de crescimento de um Bacillus termofílico. Brazilian J Microbiol 32:271–275. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822001000400003
Studholme DJ (2015) Some (bacilli) like it hot: genomics of Geobacillus species. Microb Biotechnol 8:40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12161
Suzuki H, Kobayashi J, Wada K, Furukawa M, Doi K (2015) Thermo adaptation directed enzyme evolution in an error-prone thermophile derived from Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:149–158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.650461
Suzuki H, Kobayashi J, Wada K, Furukawa M, Doi K (2014) Generation of thermostable enzyme genes using spontaneous mutations in thermophile Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426. In: Méndez-Vilas, A. (Ed.), Industrial, medical and environmental applications of microorganisms: current status and trends. Wageningen Academic Publishers 441–447. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-795-0.
Tang YJ, Sapra R, Joyner D, Hazen TC, Myers S, Reichmuth D et al (2009) Analysis of metabolic pathways and fluxes in a newly discovered thermophilic and ethanol‐tolerant Geobacillus strain. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22181
Tayyab M, Rashid N, Akhtar M (2011) Isolation and identification of lipase producing thermophilic Geobacillus sp. SBS-4S:cloning and characterization of the lipase. J Biosci Bioeng 111:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.015
Uma Maheswar Rao JL, Satyanarayana T (2003) Statistical optimization of a high maltose-forming, hyperthermostable and Ca2+-independent α-amylase production by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans using response surface methodology. J Appl Microbiol 95:712–718. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02036.x
Venugopal V, Alur MD, Nerkar DP (1989) Solubilization of fish proteins using immobilized microbial cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 33:1098–1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330904
Verastegui-Omaña B, Rebollar-Ramos D, Pérez-Vásquez A, Martínez AL, Madariaga-Mazón A, Flores-Bocanegra L, Mata R (2017) α-Glucosidase inhibitors from Malbranchea flavorosea. J Nat Prod 80:190–195. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00977
Verma R, Bhalla A, Kumar S (2020) Valorization of lignocellulosic residues for cost-effective production of thermo-alkali-stable xylanase by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans X1 of Indian Himalayan hot spring. Waste Biomass Valoriz 11:1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0402-y
Wang J, Salem DR, Sani RK (2020) Synthesis of biopolymers from a Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 using unprocessed corn stover. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:9483–9496. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02435
Wang J, Goh KM, Salem DR, Sani RK (2019) Genome analysis of a thermophilic exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium-Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Sci Rep 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36983-z
Yang Z, Sun Q, Tan G, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Li C et al (2021) Engineering thermophilic Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for riboflavin production. Microb Biotechnol 14:363–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13543
Zarilla KA, Perry JJ (1987) Bacillus thermokovorans, sp. nov., a species of obligately thermophilic hydrocarbon utilizing endospore-forming bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 9:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(87)80031-0
Zeigler DR (2014) The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet? Microbiology 160:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4570-7_1
Zhang F, Rodriguez S, Keasling JD (2011) Metabolic engineering of microbial pathways for advanced biofuels production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:775–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.024
Zhang F, Wang W, Bah FBM, Song C, Zhou Y, Ji L, Yuan Y (2019) Heterologous expression of a thermostable α-glucosidase from Geobacillus sp. strain HTA-462 by Escherichia coli and its potential application for isomaltose–oligosaccharide synthesis. Molecules 24:1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071413
Zhou J, Wu K, Rao CV (2016) Evolutionary engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for improved ethanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng 113:2156–2167. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25983
Zhu W, Cha D, Cheng G, Peng Q, Shen P (2007) Purification and characterization of a thermostable protease from a newly isolated Geobacillus sp. YMTC 1049. Enzyme Microb Technol 40:1592–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.11.007
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khaswal, A., Chaturvedi, N., Mishra, S.K. et al. Current status and applications of genus Geobacillus in the production of industrially important products—a review. Folia Microbiol 67, 389–404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-022-00961-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-022-00961-w