Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of N-, P- and Si-based Flame Retardant Mixtures on Flammability, Thermal Behavior and Mechanical Properties of PA6 Composite Fibers

  • Published:
Fibers and Polymers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research investigated the influence of two flame retardant (FR) mixtures consisting melamine cyanurate (MeCy) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), and MeCy and sodium aluminosilicate (SASi) at different weight ratios, on the flammability, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) composite yarns produced by meltspinning. The morphological and chemical properties of PA6/FR filaments were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, flame retardancy by vertical burning test UL-94, thermal behavior by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses, and mechanical properties by tensile tests. The results indicate that within the UL 94 V2 rating, the composite yarns differed significantly from each other in their burning and dripping behavior. The incorporation of both mixtures, MeCy+AlPi and MeCy+SASi, into the PA6/FR yarns significantly decreased the afterflame time relative to pristine PA6, confirming a lower production of flammable volatiles. This phenomenon was attributed mainly to MeCy, which caused an immediate extinguishment of the flame after the withdrawal of the igniting flame. Compared to one component MeCy, the incorporation of the MeCy+SASi mixture enhanced the thermooxidative stability of the PA6/FR yarns because of their additive effect at higher concentrations. In contrast, an antagonistic effect was obtained for the MeCy+AlPi mixture, irrespective of the concentration. Since the incorporation of MeCy+SASi did not drastically reduce the tensile properties of filaments, this mixture enables the production of the PA6/MeCy+SASi composite yarns with the enhanced flame retardancy and thermo-oxidative stability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. R. Horrocks in “Textiles in Fire Retardant Materials” (A. R. Horrocks and D. Price Eds.), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2001.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. C. L. Beyler and M. M. Hirschler in “SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering” (D. Nenno Ed.), Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. V. Levchik, E. D. Weil, and M. Lewin, Polym. Int., 45, 532 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S. V. Levchik and E. D. Weil, Polym. Int., 49, 1033 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. R. Horrocks, B. K. Kandola, P. J. Davies, S. Zhang, and S. A. Padbury, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 88, 3 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. D. C. O. Marney, L. J. Russell, D. Y. Wu, T. Nguyen, D. Cramm, N. Rigopoulos, N. Wright, and M. Greaves, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 93, 1971 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. V. B. Gupta and V. K. Kothari Eds., “Manufactured Fibre Technology”, Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Li, Y. Lin, K. Sha, and R. Xiao, Text. Res. J., 87, 561 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Coquelle, S. Duquesne, M. Casetta, J. Sun, S. Zhang, and S. Bourbigot, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 106, 150 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Xiang, L. Li, W. Chen, S. Yu, B. Sun, and M. Zhu, Prog. Nat. Sci-Mater., 27, 369 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Sun, X. Gu, S. Zhang, M. Coquelle, S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, and M. Casetta, Polym. Adv. Technol., 25, 1099 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Dogan and E. Bayramli, Fiber. Polym., 14, 1595 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. R. Horrocks, A. Sitpalan, C. Zhou, and B. K. Kandola, Polymers, 8, 288 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Gijsman, R. Steenbakkers, C. Furst, and J. Kersjes, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 78, 219 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. E. D. Weil and S. V. Levchik, “Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles: Practical Applications”, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. Wirasaputra, L. Zheng, S. Liu, Y. Yuan, and Y. Zhao, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 301, 614 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. H. Demir, E. Arkıs, D. Balkose, and S. Ulku, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 89, 478 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. B. Morgan and J. W. Gilman, Fire Mater., 37, 259 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. T. R. Hull, A. Witkowski, and L. Hollingbery, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 96, 1462 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. G. Rusu and E. Rusu, Polym. Compos., 33, 1557 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Tang, L. Qian, Y. Qiu, and N. Sun, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 40558 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. Socrates, “Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts”, 3rd ed., Wiley, Chichester, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. Onder, N. Sarier, and M. S. Ersoy, Thermochim. Acta, 543, 37 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Z. Y. Wu, W. Xu, J. K. Xia, Y. C. Liu, Q. X. Wu, and W. J. Xu, Chin. Chem. Lett., 19, 241 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. B. Zhao, L. Chen, J. W. Long, R. K. Jian, and Y. Z. Wang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 17162 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Nieuwenhuyse, V. Bounor-Legaré, and P. Bardollet, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98, 2635 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Lewin, Polym. Adv. Technol., 12, 3 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. K. P. Pramoda, T. Liu, Z. Liu, C. He, and H. J. Sue, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 81, 47 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Buczko, T. Stelzig, L. Bommer, D. Rentsch, M. Heneczkowski, and S. Gaan, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 107, 158 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. I. Butnaru, M. P. Fernández-Ronco, J. Czech-Polak, M. Heneczkowski, M. Bruma, and S. Gaan, Polymers, 7, 1541 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. U. Braun, B. Schartel, M. A. Fichera, and C. Jager, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 92, 1528 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Dogan and E. Bayramli, Fire Mater., 38, 92 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Coquelle, S. Duquesne, M. Casetta, J. Sun, X. Gu, S. Zhang, and S. Bourbigot, Polymers, 7, 316 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Sun, X. Gu, S. Zhang, M. Coquelle, S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, and M. Casetta, Polym. Adv. Technol., 25, 1099 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. U. Braun, H. Bahr, and B. Schartel, Polymers, 10, 443 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Z. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. W. Liu, A. P. Huang, Z. G. Chi, J. R. Xu, and J. Economy, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 120, 1885 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Y. Liu, L. Cui, F. X. Guan, Y. Gao, N. E. Hedin, L. Zhu, and H. Fong, Macromolecules, 40, 6283 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Chen, Q. Wang, W. Yan, and H. Tang, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 91, 2632 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Z. Y. Wu, W. Xu, Y. C. Liu, J. K. Xia, Q. X. Wu, and W. J. Xu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 113, 2109 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. R. Stolz, T. Vad, G. Seide, T. Gries, K. Klopp, and K. Bender, Tekstilec, 59, 137 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A. R. Horrocks, B. K. Kandola, G. J. Milnes, A. Sitpalan, and R. L. Hadimani, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 2511 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AquafilSLO d. o. o., Letališka 15, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Alisa Šehić

  2. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Aškerčeva 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Jelena Vasiljević, Andrej Demšar, Jožef Medved & Barbara Simončič

  3. Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Ruger Boskovic 16, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia

    Igor Jordanov

  4. National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Ivan Jerman & Marija Čolović

  5. Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom

    Fiona Hewitt & T. Richard Hull

Authors
  1. Alisa Šehić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jelena Vasiljević
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Igor Jordanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrej Demšar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jožef Medved
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ivan Jerman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Marija Čolović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fiona Hewitt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. T. Richard Hull
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Barbara Simončič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Simončič.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Šehić, A., Vasiljević, J., Jordanov, I. et al. Influence of N-, P- and Si-based Flame Retardant Mixtures on Flammability, Thermal Behavior and Mechanical Properties of PA6 Composite Fibers. Fibers Polym 19, 1194–1206 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-8059-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-8059-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation