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Analyses of plate perforation for various penetrator-target plate combinations

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Abstract

In this study, kinetics and kinematics of perforation process for various penetrator-target plate combinations is analyzed, a methodology in a flow chart format to decide on failure mode, and for each failure mode, an appropriate combined analytical model that requires only common test data is proposed. The proposed methodology and analytical models that are recommended for the related failure mode are assessed by using a huge amount of test data from the literature. The penetrator-target plate configurations cover the penetrators with ogive, conical, hemi-spherical and blunt noses, at different plate thicknesses, and plate thickness to penetrator diameter ratios, made of different metallic materials. Analyzed failure modes include ductile hole enlargement, plugging, dishing, and petal forming. Assessment is done for impact velocities ranging between 215–863 m/s. The estimations based on the proposed flow chart and recommended failure models are in good agreement with the related test data and numerical analysis results.

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Abbreviations

b :

Thickness of the target plate

c:

Stress/strain wave velocity

c 1 :

Static target resistance stress parameter

c 2, c3 :

Dynamic target resistance stress parameter

d p :

Projectile diameter

D :

Flexural rigidity per unit width

C 1 :

Static target resistance force parameter

C 2 C 3 :

Dynamic target resistance force parameters

e s :

Strain energy density

E:

Elastic modulus

E f :

Frictional dissipation energy

E p :

Projectile’s energy loss

E s :

Strain energy

E t :

Target’s absorption energy

F :

Penetration resistance of the target material

H :

Penetration depth

K :

Bulk modulus

L :

Length of the penetrator

L eff :

Effective length of the penetrator

m p :

Mass of the penetrator

m plug :

Plug mass

M r :

Radial component of bending moment per unit length

M e :

Bending moment (tangential) per unit length

n :

Strain hardening exponent

P c :

Cavity expansion pressure

P 0 :

Pressure required to yield the material

r :

The radial distance travelled by stress wave

r pl :

Plastic zone radius

r r :

Distance to the rear surface of the target plate

R t :

Resistance stress of the target

R eff :

Effective resistance stress of the target

R c t :

Target plate’s resistance under compression

t :

Time

T 0 :

Melting temperature

T ⋆m :

Homologous temperature

v :

Volume

v r :

The volume swept at penetration depth h

V :

Instantaneous velocity of the penetrator

V r :

Residual velocity

V h :

Velocity of the projectile at penetration depth h

V s :

Strike/impact velocity

V 0 :

Ballistic limit velocity

w :

Deflection in z direction

W p :

The work done during penetration

W plug :

The energy required for shearing the plug

Y t :

Strength of target material

ε :

Normal true strain

\({\dot \varepsilon ^ \ast }\) :

Dimensionless strain rate

\({\dot \in _0}\) :

User defined reference strain rate

ν :

Poisson’s ratio

μ :

Lame constant

σ :

True stress

σ eq :

Equivalent stress

σ y :

Yield stress

ρ p :

Density of the penetrator

ρ p :

Density of the target material

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Çankaya University, Ankara, 06530, Turkey

    Turgut Akyürek

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Correspondence to Turgut Akyürek.

Additional information

Turgut Akyürek is an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department of Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. His research interests include impact mechanics, crash tests and crashworthiness, fracture mechanics, terminal ballistics, fatigue, damage tolerance, macro and micro analysis of composites, and design of composite structures.

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Akyürek, T. Analyses of plate perforation for various penetrator-target plate combinations. J Mech Sci Technol 36, 1749–1760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-022-0311-7

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