Abstract
For those who enjoy driving, the “sportiness” the engine sound is an important point to consider. However, owing to its abstractness, there is no absolute definition of what sportiness sounds like. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a sound quality index capable of objectively evaluating the sportiness of engine sound based on sound quality research. Objective measurements included the process of recording the sound in the car interior under wide-open-throttle acceleration conditions for 4 vehicles, producing 13 evaluation samples by using various filters based on the recorded data, and calculating the sound metrics of each sample. Subjective evaluation was jointly carried out by 23 evaluators and a semantic differential method was used to find adjectives that could explain the concept and preference for sportiness. The developed index was validated by examining the correlation coefficient through a new sample group. Furthermore, the necessity of factor analysis was also determined.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Cerrato, Automotive sound quality-powertrain, road and wind noise, Sound and Vibration, 43 (4) (2009) 16–24.
N. Kubo, V. Mellert, R. Weber and J. Meschke, Categorisation of engine sound, Proc. of INTER-NOISE 2004, Prague, Czech Republic (2004).
M. Hussain, J. Golles, A. Ronacher and H. Schiffbanker, Statistical evaluation of an annoyance index for engine noise recordings, SAE Technical Paper, 911080 (1991).
S. H. Shin, J. K. Ih, T. Hashimoto and S. Hatano, Sound quality evaluation of the booming sensation for passenger cars, Applied Acoustics, 70 (2) (2009) 309–320.
T. G. Kim, S. K. Lee and H. H. Lee, Characterization and quantification of luxury sound quality in premium-class passenger cars, Proc. IMechE Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 223 (3) (2009) 343–353.
J. K. Lee, Y. W. Park, J. B. Chai and H. K. Jang, Development of a sound quality index for the evaluation of booming noise of a passenger car based on regressive correlation, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 6 (4) (2005) 367–374.
H. H. Jo, W. C. Seong, H. R. Lee and Y. J. Kang, A study on sound quality evaluation index of car door latch and improving sound quality by modifying door latch assembly design, Proc. of INTER-NOISE 2004, Prague, Czech Republic (2004).
H. S. Kang, H. Y. Cho, T. J. Shin, S. K. Lee and J. H. Shon, Objective evaluation of the pulling sound for a seat belt in a vehicle, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 63 (4) (2015) 370–383.
S. K. Lee, Objective evaluation of interior sound quality in passenger cars during acceleration, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 310 (1) (2008) 149–168.
S. Cerda, A. Gimenez, J. Romero, R. Cibrian and J. L. Miralles, Room acoustical parameters: A factor analysis approach, Applied Acoustics, 70 (1) (2009) 97–109.
H. H. Jo, Y. J. Kang, S. H. Kim and J. M. Chae, Measurement of perceived window lift sound quality via factor analysis, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 64 (4) (2016) 432–443.
G. H. Kwon, J. H. Park, H. S. Park and Y. J. Kang, Design of sporty SQI using semantic differential and verification of its effectiveness, Proc. of INTER-NOISE 2016, Hamburg, Germany (2016).
K. Yoon, D. Kim and S. Lee, Short-term annoyance reduction evoked by active noise control method on turboprop regional aircraft cabin noise, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 33 (4) (2019) 1573–1584.
N. Kubo, Types of car sound quality categorized by frequency dynamics, Proc. of International Congress on Sound and Vibration 16, Krakow, Poland (2009).
N. Otto, S. Amman, C. Eaton and S. Lake, Guidelines for jury evaluations of automotive sounds, SAE Technical Paper, 1999-01-1822 (1999).
H. Fastl and E. Zwicker, Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, 3rd Ed., Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany (2006).
E. Zwicker and S. Bertram, A model of loudness summation, Psychological Review, 72 (1) (1965) 3.
E. Zwicker, H. Fastl, U. Widmann, K. Kurakata, S. Kuwano and S. Namba, Program for calculating loudness according to DIN 45631 (ISO 532B), Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E), 12 (1) (1991) 39–42.
W. Aures, A model for calculating the sensory euphony of various sounds, Acustica, 59 (2) (1985) 130–141.
W. Aures, A procedure for calculating auditory roughness, Acustica, 58 (5) (1985) 268–281.
C. E. Osgood, The nature and measurement of meaning, Psychological Bulletin, 49 (3) (1952) 222–232.
E. Hannes, Measurement of perceived acoustic quality of sound-reproducing systems by means of factor analysis, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 39 (3) (1966) 484–492.
G. Y. An and S. Pearce, A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9 (2) (2013) 79–94.
R. E. Zinbarg, W. Revelle, I. Yovel and W. Li, Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωH: their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability, Psychometrika, 70 (1) (2005) 123–133.
J. O. Rawlings, S. G. Pantula and D. A. Dickey, Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, USA (2001).
S. Weisberg, Applied Linear Regression, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA (2005).
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design at Seoul National University (SNU-IAMD) and Daedong Movel System Company, Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Jae Hyuk Park is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Seoul National University. He received his B.S. degree from the Inha University in 2012. His research areas are acoustics and vibration and sound quality analysis.
Hansol Park is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Seoul National University, from which he received B.S. degree. His research areas are analytical estimation and quantitative assessment of sound and vibration from industrial products.
Yeon June Kang is a Professor of the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Seoul National University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Seoul National University in 1988 and 1990, respectively. He also received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Purdue, West Lafayette in 1994. His research interests include acoustical materials, automotive NVH, sound quality and Korean bell.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Park, J.H., Park, H. & Kang, Y.J. A study on sound quality of vehicle engine sportiness using factor analysis. J Mech Sci Technol 34, 3533–3543 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0805-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0805-0