Abstract
Engineering properties of soils coated with naturally occurring or artificially manufactured particles can significantly differ from those of uncoated soils. This study aims at evaluating the effect of iron oxide coatings on the thermal conductivity of silica sands. Laboratory thermal needle probe tests were conducted on uncoated, goethite coated and hematite coated Ottawa 20/30 and Ottawa 100/200 sands. Test results demonstrated that the thermal conductivity (k) of all tested materials increases with increasing applied vertical stress, and the k of hematite coated sands was greater than that of uncoated sands under the similar relative density. However, the measured k of both uncoated and coated sands is a single function of porosity regardless of applied stress level, reflecting the limited effect of applied stress and iron oxide mineral coating on the k of tested materials. Simple resistances in series model was employed to explain the observed test results, and the results of this study was compared with k of previous studies on uncoated natural soils.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akiyama T, Ohta H, Takahashi R, Waseda Y, Yagi J-I (1992) Measurement and modeling of thermal conductivity for dense iron oxide and porous iron ore agglomerates in stepwise reduction. ISIJ International 32(7):829–837, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.32.829
Barry-Macaulay D, Bouazza A, Singh RM, Wang B, Ranjith PG (2013) Thermal conductivity of soils and rocks from the Melbourne (Australia) region. Engineering Geology 164:131–138, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.06.014
Brandon TL, Mitchell JK (1989) Factors influencing thermal resistivity of sands. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 115(12):1683–1698, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:12(1683)
Carslaw HS, Jaeger JC (1959) Conduction of heat in solids, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK
Chavez-Valdez A, Arizmendi-Morquecho A, Vargas G, Almanza JM, Alvarez-Quintana J (2011) Ultra-low thermal conductivity thermal barrier coatings from recycled fly-ash cenospheres. Acta Materialia 59(6):2556–2562, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.01.011
Chen S (2008) Thermal conductivity of sands. Heat and Mass Transfer 44(10):1241–1246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-007-0357-1
Chen C, Wang F, Liang JS, Tang QG (2011) Thermal insulation coatings containing sepiolite mineral fibers and their performance. Advanced Material Research 178:318–323
Choo H (2013) Engineering behavior and characterization of physical-chemical particulate mixtures using geophysical measurement techniques. PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Choo H, Burns SE (2014) Review of Archie’s equation through theoretical derivation and experimental study on uncoated and hematite coated soils. Journal of Applied Geophysics 105:225–234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.03.024
Choo H, Larrahondo J, Burns SE (2015) Coating effects of nano-sized particles onto sand surfaces: Small strain stiffness and contact mode of iron oxide-coated sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001188
Choo H, Won J, Burns SE (2021) Thermal conductivity of dry fly ashes with various carbon and biomass contents. Waste Management 135: 122–129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.033
Dali Naidu A, Singh DN (2004) A generalized procedure for determining thermal resistivity of soils. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43(1):43–51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1290-0729(03)00103-0
Farouki OT (1981) Thermal properties of soils. CRREL Monograph 81-1, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington DC, USA
Gangadhara Rao M, Singh DN (1999) A generalized relationship to estimate thermal resistivity of soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36(4):767–773, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-037
Johansen O (1975) Thermal conductivity of soils. CRREL Draft English Translation 637, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington DC, USA
Johnson KL (1985) Contact mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Larrahondo JM, Choo H, Burns SE (2011) Laboratory-prepared iron oxide coatings on sands: Submicron-scale small-strain stiffness. Engineering Geology 121(1–2):7–17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.009
Lee SJ, Kim KY, Choi JC, Kwon TH (2016) Experimental investigation on the variation of thermal conductivity of soils with effective stress, porosity, and water saturation. Geomechanics and Engineering 11(6):771–785, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.6.771
Lee HJ, Kim IH, Chung CK (2021) Evaluation of the internal stability of well-graded silty sand through the long-term seepage test. International Journal of Geo-Engineering 12(1):1–13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-021-00151-6
Lee C, Suh HS, Yoon B, Yun TS (2017) Particle shape effect on thermal conductivity and shear wave velocity in sands. Acta Geotech 12(3): 615–625, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0524-6
Liu L, He H, Dyck M, Lv J (2021) Modeling thermal conductivity of clays: A review and evaluation of 28 predictive models. Engineering Geology 288:106107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106107
Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi N, Matsubara H (2004) Low thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZrO2-Y2O3-La2O3 coatings produced by electron beam PVD. Scripta Materialia 50(6): 867–871, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.12.008
Midttomme K, Roaldset E (1998) The effect of grain size on thermal conductivity of quartz sands and silts. Petroleum Geoscience 4(2): 165–172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.4.2.165
Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA
Okewale IA (2019) Influence of fines on the compression behaviour of decomposed volcanic rocks. International Journal of Geo-Engineering 10(1):1–17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-019-0101-y
Santamarina JC, Klein KA, Fam MA (2001) Soils and waves. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA
Smith WO, Byers HG (1939) The thermal conductivity of dry soils of certain of the great soil groups. Soil Science Society of American Journal 3:13–19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1939.036159950003000C0003x
Tian BQ, Kong YL, Gong YL, Ye CT, Pang ZH, Wang JY, Qin PR (2020) Thermal conductivity characterisation of shallow ground via correlations with geophysical parameters. Engineering Geology 272, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105633
Woodside W, Messmer JH (1961) Thermal conductivity of porous media. I. Unconsolidated sands. Journal of Applied Physics 32(9): 1688–1699, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1728419
Yun T, Santamarina J (2008) Fundamental study of thermal conduction in dry soils. Granular Matter 10(3):197–207, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-007-0051-5
Zhang GP, Germaine JT, Whittle AJ (2003) Effects of Fe-oxides cementation on the deformation characteristics of a highly weathered old alluvium in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Soils and Foundations 43(4): 119–130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.4_119
Zhang XW, Liu XY, Chen C, Kong LW, Wang G (2020) Engineering geology of residual soil derived from mudstone in Zimbabwe. Engineering Geology 277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105785
Acknowledgments
Partial funding for this work was provided by the Georgia Department of Transportation. The corresponding author appreciates the financial support provided by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2019R1C1C1005310).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhatt, A., Choo, H. & Burns, S.E. Effect of Iron Oxide Coatings on Thermal Conductivity of Silica Sands. KSCE J Civ Eng 26, 2153–2159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1863-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1863-x