Abstract
Due to constraint land, more and more high-rise buildings are built in cities. It is unsafe to evacuate by elevators, thus stairs has an important impact on evacuation. So it is of great significance to analyze evacuation in stairwell. However, few researchers could reproduce occupant arc trajectories at the mid-landing in stairwell. A stair model based on circle-based floor field (Stair Circle-based Optimal Step Model — SCOSM) is proposed to investigate human performance in stairwell, in which occupants could make a turn with a certain point and move like as an arc. SCOSM is testified to validate by comparing simulated results and experimental datasets in respect of whole evacuation time and net person for each floor. What is more, the model is used to study the effect of interface. It is found when width of stairs (S1) is equal to the width of mid-landing (S2), pedestrian flow is dominated by the width of mid-landing (S2). As for effect of stair geometry on merging, structures except scenario a are inclined to preferring occupants from floor. The studies in this paper could help offer engineers a technical foundation for codes and fire protection design.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Association NFP (2011) NFPA 101 life safety code. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA
BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004) Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures: Part 1–1: General rules and rules for buildings. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004, British Standards Institution
Burghardt S, Seyfried A, Klingsch W (2013) Performance of stairs-fundamental diagram and topographical measurements. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 37:268–278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.05.002
Chraibi M, Steffen B (2018) The automatic generation of an efficient floor field for CA simulations in crowd management. Cellular Automata 11115:185–195
Crociani L, Shimura K, Vizzari G, Bandini S (2018) Simulating pedestrian dynamics in corners and bends: A floor field approach. International Conference on Cellular Automata 11115:460–469
Ding N, Chen T, Zhang H, Luh PB (2015) Stair evacuation simulation based on cellular automata model considering social forces traffic and granular flow’13. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 145–153
Fang Z-M, Song W-G, Li Z-J, Tian W, Lv W, Ma J, Xiao X (2012) Experimental study on evacuation process in a stairwell of a high-rise building. Building and Environment 47:316–321, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.009
Fujiyama T, Tyler N (2011) Free walking speeds on stairs: Effects of stair gradients and obesity of pedestrians. In: Peacock R, Kuligowski E, Averill J (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics, Springer, Boston, MA, USA, 95–106
Galea ER, Sharp G, Lawrence PJ (2008) Investigating the representation of merging behavior at the floor-stair interface in computer simulations of multi-floor building evacuations. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 18(4):291–316, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508095092
GB 50045 (2005) Code for fire protection design of tall buildings. GB50045, Standards Press of China, Beijing, China
GB 10000–88 (1988) Human dimensions of Chinese adults. GB10000-88, Standards Press of China, Beijing, China
Hokugo A, Kubo K, Murozaki Y (1985) An experimental study on confluence of two foot traffic flows in staircase. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering 358:37–43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.358.0_37 (in Japanese)
Hostikka S, Paloposki T, Rine T, Saari J, Horhonen R, Hellovaara S (2007) Evacuation experiments in offices and public buildings. VTT Technical Research Entre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
Huo F, Song W, Chen L, Liu C, Liew KM (2016) Experimental study on characteristics of pedestrian evacuation on stairs in a high-rise building. Safety Science 86:165–173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.02.025
Huo F, Song W, Lv W, Liew K (2014) Analyzing pedestrian merging flow on a floor-stair interface using an extended lattice gas model. Simulation 90(5):501–510, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0037549714526294
Kinsey M, Galea E, Lawrence P (2011) Stairs or lifts? — A study of human factors associated with lift/elevator usage during evacuations using an online survey pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 627–636
Köster G, Lehmberg D, Dietrich F (2016) Is slowing down enough to model movement on stairs? In: Knoop V, Daamen W (eds) Traffic and granular flow’15. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 35–42
Kuligowski ED, Hoskins BL (2010) Occupant behavior in a high-rise office building fire. NIST Technical Note, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Li S, Li X, Qu Y, Jia B (2015) Block-based floor field model for pedestrian’s walking through corner. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 432:337–353, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.03.041
Ma J, Song WG, Fang ZM, Lo SM, Liao GX (2010) Experimental study on microscopic moving characteristics of pedestrians in built corridor based on digital image processing. Building and Environment 45:10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.03.015
Ma J, Song W, Tian W, Lo SM, Liao G (2012) Experimental study on an ultra high-rise building evacuation in China. Safety Science 50(8):1665–1674, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.018
Pauls J (1971) Evacuation drill held in the BC Hydro Building 26 June 1969. Building Research Note 80:19
Qu Y, Gao Z, Xiao Y, Li X (2014) Modeling the pedestrian’s movement and simulating evacuation dynamics on stairs. Safety Science 70:189–201, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.05.016
Ronchi E, Nilsson D (2013) Fire evacuation in high-rise buildings: A review of human behaviour and modelling research. Fire Science Reviews 2(1):1–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-2-7
Ronchi E, Nilsson D (2014) Modelling total evacuation strategies for high-rise buildings. Building Simulation 7(1):73–87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-013-0132-9
Ronchi E, Reneke PA, Kuligowski ED, Peacock RD (2014) An analysis of evacuation travel paths on stair landings by means of conditional probabilities. Fire Safety Journal 65:30–40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.02.001
Sabri NAM, Basari ASH, Husin B, Samah K (2014) Simulation method of shortest and safest path algorithm for evacuation in high rise building. Applied Mathematical Sciences 8(104):5163–5172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12988/ams.2014.45384
Seitz MJ, Köster G (2012) Natural discretization of pedestrian movement in continuous space. Physical Review E 86(4):046108, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.86.046108
Seitz MJ, Köster G (2014) How update schemes influence crowd simulations. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2014(7):P07002, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2014/07/P07002
Sethian JA (1996) A fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93(4):1591–1595, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.4.1591
Sethian JA (2003) Level set methods and fast marching methods. Journal of Computing and Information Technology 11(1):1–2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.2003.01.07
Shen T-S (2005) ESM: A building evacuation simulation model. Building and Environment 40(5):671–680, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.029
Xu XA, Song WG (2009) Staircase evacuation modeling and its comparison with an egress drill. Building and Environment 44(5):1039–1046, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.009
Yang L, Rao P, Zhu K, Liu S. Zhan X (2012) Observation study of pedestrian flow on staircases with different dimensions under normal and emergency conditions. Safety Science 50(5):1173–1179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.026
Zeng Y, Song W, Huo F, Fang Z, Cao S, Vizzari G (2018a) Effects of initial distribution ratio and illumination on merging behaviors during high-rise stair descent process. Fire Technology 54:1095–1112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0721-3
Zeng Y, Song W, Huo F, Vizzari G (2018b) Modeling evacuation dynamics on stairs by an extended optimal steps model. Simulation Modelling Practice & Theory 84:177–189, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2018.02.001
Zeng Y, Song W, Jin S, Ye R, Liu X (2017) Experimental study on walking preference during high-rise stair evacuation under different ground illuminations. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 479:26–37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.02.060
Zhuang Y, Schadschneider A, Cheng H, Yang L (2018) Estimating escalator vs stairs choice behavior in the presence of entry railing: A field study. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22(12):5203–5214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1630-6
Zhuang Y, Zhou XD, Ni Y, Yang L (2017) Passengers’ behavioral intentions towards congestion: Observational study of the entry restrictions at traffic bottleneck. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21(9):2393–2402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1688-6
Zmud M (2007) Public perceptions of high-rise building emergency evacuation preparedness. Fire Technology 44(4):329–336, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-008-0057-5
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0807000 and 2019YFC0810705), National Natural Science Foundation of China (71771113, 71704091 and 71804026).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeng, Y., Ye, R. Study on Pedestrian Dynamics in Stairwell Based on Circle-Based Floor Field. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 3845–3855 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1327-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1327-0