Abstract
Although certain measurements regarding super-tall buildings constructed using the top-down method have been published, new advances in top-down construction have been developed with the construction of super-tall buildings in China. This paper presents the theory of soil-structure interactions in pile foundations and extends it to the top-down construction method. Based on this theory, the forces and the deformation of the diaphragm wall, slab and soldier piles at various stages of construction can be computed. Two typical tall buildings of 60 and 37 stories with deeply embedded 4-level and 5-level basements located in Shanghai were used as case studies of the vertical displacements of their diaphragm walls and soldier piles, the deflections of the diaphragm walls, the earth pressures, and the rebar stresses during top-down construction. The values measured in the field agree well with the predicted values from soilstructure interactions theory and statistical-empirical formulas. Two additional super-tall buildings of 101 and 121 stories, in which the 4- level and 5-level basements and the main buildings are round, are discussed regarding their unique deformational characteristics. In addition, the diaphragm wall can serve a load-sharing function. These engineering case studies, including the comprehensive predictions of deformation based on field tests and estimates using statistical formulas, can improve tall building design.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cotton, D. M. and Luark, R. D. (2010). “Recent advances in the topdown construction of a 26.4 Meter Deep Soil Nail Retention System-Bellevue Technology Tower.” Earth Retention Conference, pp. 375–381, DOI: 10.1061/41128(384)38.
Jia, J., Xie, X. L., Zhai, J. Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., and Guo, X. H. (2012). “Research and design on top-down method for large scale podium basement excavation of Shanghai Tower.” GeoCongress 2012, pp.770–779, DOI: 10.1061/9780784412121.080.
Kim, H. J. and Mission, J. L C. (2011). “Improved evaluation of equivalent top-down load-displacement curve from a bottom-up pile load test.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., Vol. 137, pp. 568–578. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000454.
Kudsk, A., Hvam, L., Thuesen, C., Gronvold, M. B., and Olsen, M. H. (2013). “Modularization in the construction industry using a topdown approach.” The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 88–98, DOI: 1874-8368/13.
Kung, G. T. C. (2009). “Comparison of excavation-induced wall deflection using top-down and bottom-up construction methods in Taipei silty clay.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 36, pp. 373–385, DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.07.001.
Lee, H. S, Lee, J. Y., and Lee, J. S. (1999). “Nonshored form work system for top-down construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manag., Vol. 125, No. 6, pp. 392–399, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1999)125:6(392).
Mana, A. L. and Clough, G. W. (1981). “Prediction of movements for braced cuts in clay.” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 107, No. 6, pp. 759–777.
Ministry of construction of P. R. of China (2002). GB 5007-2002. Code for design of building foundation, China Architectural and Building Press: Beijing (in Chinese).
Park, R. and Pauley, T. (1975). Reinforced concrete structures, John wiley & sons, New York.
Rhim, H. C., Kim, K. M. and Kim, S. W. (2012). “Development of an optimum pre-founded column system for top-down construction.” Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 735–743, DOI: 10.3846/13923730.2012.723397.
Tan, Y. and Li, M. W. (2011). “Measured performance of a 26 m deep top-down excavation in downtown Shanghai.” Can. Geotech. J., Vol. 48, pp. 704–719, DOI: 10.1139/T10-100.
Tan, Y. and Wang, D. L. (2013). “Characteristics of a large-scale deep foundation pit excavation by the central-island technique in Shanghai soft clay. II: Top-down construction of the central construction of the peripheral rectangular pit.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 1894–1910, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000929.
Tang, M. X. (1996). Super-structure-piled raft (box) foundation interaction with loading diaphragm wall for tall buildings, Tongji University: Shanghai (in Chinese).
Tang, Y. J. (1996). Theory and practice of pop-down method for tall buildings, Tongji University: Shanghai. (in Chinese)
Tang, Y. J. and Zhao, X. H. (2014). “121-story Shanghai Center Tower foundation re-analysis using a compensated pile foundation theory.” Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 854–879. DOI: 10.1002/tal.1087.
Tang, Y. J. and Zhao, X. H. (2015). “Deformation of compensated piled raft foundations with deep embedment in super-tall buildings of Sahnghai.” Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 521–536.
Wang, Y. G. (2011). Design and case studies for top-down method construction, China Architectural and Building Press. Beijing (in Chinese).
Wang, X. J. (2014). Deformation characteristics of Shanghai Tower podium pit and analysis of basin excavation technique, Tongji University (in Chinese).
Xu, Z. J. and Zhao, X. H. (2002). New development of design theory for excavation engineering-design and construction for top-down method, China Machine Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. H. (1998). Theory of design of piled raft & piled box foundations for tall buildings in Shanghai, Tongji University Press, Shanghai.
Zhao, X. H. (1999). Theory of design and practice of superstructure and foundation interaction with podium, Tongji University Press, Shanghai (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. H., Gong, J., Zhuang, B. L., Xiao, J. H., Tang, Y. J., and Zhou, H. (2014). Comprehensive research of field test for piled raft foundation in shanghai world financial center with101-story, China Architectural and Building Press: Beijing (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. H., Zhang, Q. H., Zhang, B. L., and Wang, Y. G. (1999). “A theory of soil-structure interaction and its application to design and construction of TDM.” J.Architecture Technology, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 769–772 (in Chinese).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, Y., Zhao, X. Field testing and analysis during top-down construction of super-tall buildings in Shanghai. KSCE J Civ Eng 20, 647–661 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-1529-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-1529-z