Abstract
Manufacturing of Portland cement is a resource exhausting, energy intensive process that releases large amounts of the green house gas CO2 into the atmosphere. Production of 1 ton of Portland cement requires about 2.8 tons of raw materials, including fuel and other materials. As a result of de-carbonation of lime, manufacturing of 1 ton of cement generates about 1 ton of green house gas. This paper presents the initial efforts for development of self-compacting concrete mixes employing high volume of fly ash additionally admixed with other mineral admixtures such as Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume. The use of fine material such as fly ash, GGBS or silica fume etc. can ensure the required concrete properties. Here three sets of mixes are prepared and their properties are studied in their fresh state. In the first set of mixes 50% of cement content of designated M40 mix are replaced by fly ash (from Ennore thermal power station, Chennai). The second sets of mixes are prepared by admixing 20% of GGBS and 50% of fly ash as replacement of cement. The third set of mixes are prepared by admixing 50% fly ash, 20% GGBS and 5% of silica fume. The total content of the cementitious materials has been fixed at 600 Kg/m3 in all the mixes. The result of tests for the cube compressive strength, the saturated water absorption and resistance to chloride ion penetration indicate very good performance of all the three SCC mixes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiqin Wang, Chengzhi Zhang and Wei Sun. (2004). “The active effect of fly ash.” Cement and Concrete Reserch, Vol. 34, Issue 11, pp. 2057–2060.
Altoubat, S. (2011). Towards a sustainable SCC through the use of high volume fly ash and slag to reduce cement in SCC and the effect on its cracking potential, Middle East Conference on Sustainable Building Materials, University of Shargah, UAE.
Amrutha, N. G., Narasimhan, M. C.,and Rajeeva, S. V. (2011). “Chlorideion impermeability of self compacting high volume of fly ash concrete mixes.” International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IJCEE-IJENS V., Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 29–33.
ASTM C (1202). Standard test methods for electrical indication of concretes ability to resist chloride ion penetration.
BIS 456 (2000). Code of plain and reinforced concrete ICS 91.100.30.0 BIS 2000 BUREAU.
Bouzoubaa, N., Zhang, M. H., Bilodeau, A., and Malhotra, V. M. (1998). Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with high volume fly ash blended with cements, in: Malhotra, V. M. (Ed), ACI Spec Publ SP-178, pp. 575–603.
Bouzobaa, N. and Lachemi, M. (2001). “Self compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of Class F fly ash: Preliminary result.” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 413–420.
Concrete society UK (1989). CEB, Diagnosis and assessment of concrete Structures, State-of-the-art Report, CEB Report, pp. 83–85.
EFNARC (2002). Specification and guide lines for self-compacting concrete, www.efnarc.org.
IS 8112 (1989). Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement.
IS 516 (1959). Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Khatib, J. M. (2008). “Performance of self compacting concrete containing fly ash.” Construction and Builbing Materials, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 1963–1971.
Mehta, P. K. (2003). “High performance, high-volume fly-ash concrete for sustainable development.” International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Berkeley, pp. 3–14.
Mullick, A. K. (2005). “Use of fly ash in structural concrete.” The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 13–21.
Su, N., Hsuand, K.-C.,and Cha, H.-W. (2001). “A Simple mix design method for self-compactingconcrete.” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1799–1807.
Okamura, H. (1997). “SELF-COMPACTING, High performance concrete.” Concrete International, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 50–54.
Papayianni, I. and Anastasiou, E. (2011). Development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) by using high volume of calcareous fly ash, 2011 World Of Coal Ash (WOCA) conference, Denver.co
Ranganath, R. V. and Jagadish Vengala (2004). “Mixture proportioning procedures for self-compacting concrete.” The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 78, No. 9, pp. 13–21.
Rakesh Kumar and Rao, M. V. (2002). “Self-compacting concrete: An emerging technology in construction industry.” ICI Journal, July, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 23–26.
Nageshwara Rao, G. S. (1996). Effective utilisation of fly ash in concrete for aggressive environs, PhD Thesis (Unpublished), IIT, Chennai.
Tiwari, A. K., Jha, D. N., and Enkateswaran, D. V. (2005). “Properties of high strength concrete with high volume of fly ash.” ICI Journal, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 23–26.
Vasanthy Sivasundaram and Malhotra, V. M. (2004). “High-performance high-volume fly ash concrete.” The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 78, No. 11, pp. 13–21.
Whiting, D. (1988). Permeability of selected concretes, Permeability of Concretes, ACI SP-108, pp. 195–222.
Yazici, H. (2008). “The effect of silica fume and high volume class c fly ash on mechanical properties, chloride penetration and freeze thaw resistance of self compacting concrete.” Construction and Builbing Materials, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 456–462.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Venkatakrishnaiah, R., Sakthivel, G. Bulk utilization of flyash in self compacting concrete. KSCE J Civ Eng 19, 2116–2120 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0706-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0706-4