Abstract
500MPa steel bar is a new type of high-strength reinforcing bar applied in China. To investigate the feasibility of using this type of reinforcement in specially shaped column structure, six +-shaped column specimens varying in axial compression ratio and stirrup spacing were tested under cyclic loading. Behaviors in failure mode, shear crack width, bearing capacity, displacement ductility and energy dissipating capacity are studied to evaluate the seismic resistance performance of the columns. Test results show that 500 MPa steel bars can be effectively used as longitudinal reinforcement and provide more significant confinement to core concrete as transverse reinforcement. It is demonstrated by the observed results that expected oversize flexure-shear crack width can be prevented through an appropriate design procedure following the current building codes in China. Reducing stirrup spacing provides better performance in member ductility, crack behavior, cumulative damage and energy dissipation capacity, but has little influence on the bearing capacity; high axial load can offer advantages in bearing capacity, energy dissipating capacity and shear crack behavior, but reduce the member ductility. To predict the behavior of test specimens under cyclic loading, analytical model are implemented in program OpenSees using flexural fiber beam-column element with the consideration of the shear effect. Analytical results have an acceptable agreement with the test results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACI 318-11 (2011). Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
Ayoub, A. S. and Filippou, F. C. (2000) “Mixed formulation of nonlinear steel-concrete composite beam element.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 3, pp. 371–381.
Bae, S. (2006). Seismic performance of full-scale reinforced concrete columns, PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
Bentz, E. C. (2000). Response 2000, http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/r2k.htm.
Chang, G. A. and Mander, J. B. (1994). Seismic energy based fatigue damage analysis of bridge columns: Part I — Evaluation of seismic capacity, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y.
Coffin, L. F., Jr. (1954). “A study of the effect of cyclic thermal stresses on a ductile metal.” Trans. ASME, Vol. 76, pp. 931–950.
Coffin, L. F., Jr. (1971). “A note on low cycle fatigue laws.” J. Mater., Vol. 6, pp. 388–402.
Collins, M. P. and Vecchio, F. J. (1986). “The modified compression field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear.” ACI J., Proceedings, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 219–231.
Dhakal, R. and Maekawa, K. (2002). “Modeling for postyield buckling of reinforcement.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 128, pp. 1139–1147.
El-Hacha, R., El-Agroudy, H., and Rizkalla, S. H. (2006). “Bond characteristics of high-strength steel reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., Vol. 103, No. 6, pp. 771–783.
Filippou F. C., Popov E. P., and Bertero V. V. (1983). Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints, Report No. UCB/EERC-83/19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
GB 50152-2012 (2012). Standard methods for testing of concrete structures, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Hassan, T. K., Seliem, H. M., Dwairi, H., Rizkalla, S. H., and Zia, P. (2008). “Shear behavior of large concrete beams reinforced with high-strength steel.” ACI Struct. J., Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 173.
Hognestad, E. (1961). “High strength bars as concrete reinforcement, Part 1 — Introduction to a series of experimental reports.” J. PCA. Res. Develop. Lab., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 23–29.
Ishikawa, Y., Kimura, H., Ueda, T., and Abe, H. (2008). Seismic structural performance of R/C beam-column joints with high-strength steel bars, Takenaka Technical Research Report No. 64, Takenaka Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
Kaar, P. H. and Hognestad, E. (1965). “High strength bars as concrete reinforcement, Part 7-Control of cracking in T-Beam flanges.” J. PCA. Res. Develop. Lab., Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 42–53.
Kunnath, S. K., Heo, Y., and Mohle, J. F. (2009). “Nonlinear uniaxial material model for reinforcing steel bars.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 135, No. 4, pp. 333–343.
Lepage, A., Tavallali, H., Pujol, S., and Rautenberg, J. M. (2012). “High-performance steel bars and fibers as concrete reinforcement for seismic-resistant frames.” Adv. Civil Eng., Vol. 2012.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 1804–1826.
Manson, S. S. (1965). “Fatigue: A complex subject — Some simple approximations.” Exp. Mech., Vol. 5, No. 7, No. 4, pp. 193–226.
Menegotto, M. and Pinto, P. (1973). “Method of analysis of cyclically loaded RC plane frames including changes in geometry and nonelastic behavior of elements under normal force and bending.” Struct. Eng. Int. (IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland), Vol. 13, pp. 15–22.
Miner, M. A. (1945). “Cumulative damage in fatigue.” J. Appl. Mech., Vol. 12, pp. A159–A164.
Neuenhofer, A. and Filippou, F. C. (1997). “Evaluation of nonlinear frame finite-element models.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 958–966.
Otani, S., Nagai, S., and Aoyama, H. (1996). “Load-deformation relationship of high-strength reinforced concrete beams.” Mete A. Sozen Symposium: A Tribute from his Students, SP-162, J. K. Wight, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 35–52.
OpenSees (2008). Open system for earthquake engineering simulation, Open source software, http://opensees.berkeley.edu.
Pfister, J. F. and Mattock, A. H. (1963). “High strength bars as concrete reinforcement, Part 5 — Lapped splices in concentrically loaded columns.” J. PCA. Res. Develop. Lab., Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 27–40.
Pfister, J. F. and Hognestad, E. (1964). “High strength bars as concrete reinforcement, Part 6 — Fatigue tests.” J. PCA. Res. Develop. Lab., Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65–84.
Placas, A. and Regan, P. (1971). “Shear failure of reinforced concrete beams.” ACI J., Proceedings, Vol. 68, No. 10, pp. 763–773.
Popovics, S. (1973). “A numerical approach to the complete stressstrain curve of concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 583–599.
Rautenberg, J. M., Pujol, S., Tavallali, H., and Lepage, A. (2012). “Reconsidering the use of high-strength reinforcement in concrete columns.” Eng. Struct., Vol. 37, pp. 135–142.
Richart F. E. and Brown R. L. (1934). An investigation of reinforced concrete columns, Bulletin No. 267, Univ. of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Urbana, IL.
Shehata, E. F. G. (1999). Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) for shear reinforcement in concrete structures, PhD Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Spacone, E., Filippou, F. C., and Taucer, F. F. (1996). “Fiber beamcolumn model for nonlinear analysis of R/C frames, part I: formulation.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., Vol. 25, pp. 711–725.
Tsai, W. T. (1988). “Uniaxial compressional stress-strain relation of concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., Vol. 114, No. 9, pp. 2133–2136.
Wang, T. C., Lin, H., and Kang, G. Y. (2006). “Experiment and nonlinear static analysis of RC special shaped column frames.” Trans. Tianjin Univ., Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 1457–1464 (in Chinese).
Wang, T. C., Zhang, X. H., and Kang, G. Y. (2007). “Experimental comparison of seismic behavior of two RC frames with specially shaped columns.” Trans. Tianjin Univ., Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 791–798 (in Chinese).
Waugh, J. D. (2009). Nonlinear analysis of t-shaped concrete walls subjecteded to multi-directional displacements, PhD Thesis, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA.
Vecchio, F. J. and Collins, M. P. (1993). “Compression response of cracked reinforced concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., Vol. 119, No. 12, pp. 3590–3610.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Tc., Liu, X. & Zhao, Hl. Experimental research on seismic behavior of +-shaped columns reinforced with high-strength steel bars under cyclic loading. KSCE J Civ Eng 19, 982–993 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-1211-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-1211-x