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Neighborhood Social Environment and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

  • Obesity and Diet (G. Rao, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Limited physical activity (PA) and obesity are two primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Within a socio-ecological framework, neighborhood social environment may play a key role in influencing PA and obesity. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain ambiguous. Our goals in this review are as follows: (1) to summarize findings from the recent studies on neighborhood social environment in relation to PA and obesity as CVD risk factors, and (2) to briefly describe several innovative approaches to assessing neighborhood social environment.

Recent Findings

Almost all recent studies assessed neighborhood social environment around residential areas. There were consistent associations between neighborhood social environment and PA and obesity, with some exceptions (indicating null associations or paradoxical associations). However, a focus on residential social environment may limit results because these studies did not account for any exposures occurring away from individuals’ homes. Additionally, the majority of studies utilized a cross-sectional design, which limits our ability to make inferences regarding the causality of the association between neighborhood social environment and PA or obesity as CV risk factors.

Summary

The majority of the studies on neighborhood social environment characterized factors around residential areas and assessed participant activity via self-reported surveys. Future research should leverage tools to account for the spatial mismatch between environmental exposures and outcomes by using global positioning systems, ecological momentary assessments, virtual neighborhood audits, and simulation modeling. These approaches can overcome major limitations by tracking individuals’ daily activity and real-time perceptions of neighborhood social environments linked to CVD events.

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Abbreviations

ABM:

Agent-based model

BMI:

Body mass index

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

EMA:

Ecological momentary assessment

FBI:

Federal Bureau of Investigation

GIS:

Geographic information systems

GPS:

Global positioning system

LTPA:

Leisure-time physical activity

MVPA:

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

NDI:

Neighborhood deprivation index

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

PA:

Physical activity

SEP:

Socioeconomic position

SES:

Socioeconomic status

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Acknowledgements

The views of the present review study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Funding

Funding for the Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory is provided through the Division of Intramural Research (DIR) of the NHLBI of the NIH, and through the Intramural Research Program of the NIMHD of the NIH. This research was made possible through the NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, a public-private partnership supported jointly by the NIH and generous contributions to the Foundation for the NIH from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Genentech, the American Association for Dental Research, the Colgate-Palmolive Company, Elsevier, alumni of student research programs, and other individual supporters via contributions to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10-CRC, 5-5330, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Kosuke Tamura, Steven D. Langerman, Joniqua N. Ceasar, Marcus R. Andrews, Malhaar Agrawal & Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley

  2. Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley

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  1. Kosuke Tamura
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  2. Steven D. Langerman
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  3. Joniqua N. Ceasar
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  4. Marcus R. Andrews
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  5. Malhaar Agrawal
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Correspondence to Kosuke Tamura.

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Tamura, K., Langerman, S.D., Ceasar, J.N. et al. Neighborhood Social Environment and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 13, 7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-019-0601-5

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