Abstract
The physicochemical properties of dabai kernel oil as well as the morphology of dabai samples are affected by the optimal extraction method and process configurations. Subcritical water treatment prior to dabai kernel oil extraction was optimized through the utilization of response surface methodology based on central composite design. The subcritical water treatment was carried out within the following temperature ranges of 100 to 150 °C, 10- to 20-min reaction times, and 10:1 to 20:1 solvent to solid ratios. Results showed that temperature of 100 °C, reaction time of 10 min, and solvent to solid ratio of 10:1 were optimal parameters for dabai kernel oil by subcritical water treatment prior to Soxhlet extraction. Dabai kernel oil yields via subcritical water treatment were 96.53% on average, compared to 42.85% for Soxhlet extraction sample. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis found for subcritical water treatment samples revealed value-added compounds, including oxalic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid, which can be utilized for cleaning and pharmaceutical applications. Scanning electron microscope images provided evidence that rapid extraction was driven by the degradation and aggregation of dabai kernel powder structure. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis indicated that the dabai kernel of subcritical water treatment displayed a greater surface area (14.813 m2/g) than the raw (2.804 m2/g) or Soxhlet extraction (13.452 m2/g) dabai kernel. Subcritical water treatment could be considered a promising method in combination with Soxhlet extraction in order to improve the oil yield from dabai kernels.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for their financial assistance, as well as the Economic Planning Unit Sarawak, Chief Minister’s Department (Ref: (38) JKM/SPU/608-8/2/1 Vol.3) for their approval and issuance of the R&D permit.
Funding
This study was financed by SEARCA through the University Consortium (UC) Seed Fund for Collaborative Research Grant (Vote No. 6380116–10801).
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M.H.H., N.Z., and A.F.A.H.: conceptualization; N.Z., and A.F.A.H.: formal analysis; M.H.H., R.S., H.C.M., and A.H.M.A.: funding acquisition; N.Z., A.F.A.H., R.S., and A.H.M.A.: investigation; M.H.H., N.Z., A.F.A.H., and R.S.: methodology; M.H.H. and H.C.M.: project administration; N.Z., A.F.A.H., and M.M.A.: software; M.H.H., R.S., H.C.M., and A.H.M.A.: supervision; M.H.H., M.M.A., B.M., and M.H.W.: validation; M.H.H., N.Z., and A.F.A.H.: writing-original draft; R.S., H.C.M., M.M.A., B.M., and M.H.W.: writing-review and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah declares that he has no conflict of interest. Nurbalqis Zulkefli declares that she has no conflict of interest. Adila Fazliyana Aili Hamzah declares that she has no conflict of interest. Rosnah Shamsudin declares that she has no conflict of interest. Hasfalina Che Man declares that she has no conflict of interest. Abd Halim Md Ali declares that he has no conflict of interest. Maimunah Mohd Ali declares that she has no conflict of interest. Bernard Maringgal declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohd Hafizz Wondi declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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Hamzah, M.H., Zulkefli, N., Hamzah, A.F.A. et al. Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology for Essential Oil Extraction from Canarium odontophyllum Kernels by Subcritical Water Treatment. Food Anal. Methods 17, 910–929 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-024-02624-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-024-02624-7