Abstract
A simple and green sample preparation protocol using dispersive pipette extraction (DPX) followed by identification and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is proposed for the determination of 11 polyphenols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, in grape juice. Sample preparation variables by DPX, including extraction phase, sample volume, pH, desorption solvent, salt concentration, time and cycles of extraction and desorption, were evaluated and optimized using univariate and multivariate designs. The analytical performance was satisfactory, with coefficient of determination greater than or equal to 0.9621, precisions with values lower than 20%, and recoveries ranging from 80 to 120%, demonstrating good method trueness. In addition, the method proved to be robust and showed no matrix effect. Finally, the method was applied to determine polyphenols in three grape juice samples. The major compounds determined in the samples were chlorogenic acid (70.84–120.70 mg L−1) and gallic acid (69.62–96.08 mg L−1). Finally, the green character of this method was evaluated using the tools Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), and Analytical Greenness Metric for Sample Preparation (AGREEprep). According to the metrics, an excellent green character was determined, emphasizing the minimization of sample (160 μL) and solvent (200 μL) volumes, as well as the short extraction time (< 5 min).
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
The authors are grateful to the Brazilian governmental agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Finance Code 001) for the financial support that made this research possible.
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M.P.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft. I.C.H.: Methodology, Writing – review & editing. L.V.: Writing – review & editing, Supervision. L.A.M.: Writing – review & editing, Supervision. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Marina Pereira-Coelho declares that she has no conflict of interest. Isabel Cristina da Silva Haas declares that she has no conflict of interest. Luciano Vitali declares that he has no conflict of interest. Luiz Augusto dos Santos Madureira declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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Pereira-Coelho, M., da Silva Haas, I.C., Vitali, L. et al. Dispersive Pipette Extraction and HPLC-DAD for the Determination of Polyphenols in Grape Juice. Food Anal. Methods 17, 269–283 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-023-02565-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-023-02565-7