Abstract
Adulteration of food products has become a common problem in many countries. Adulteration may take the form of substitution of one species for another, where the food products from one species have been mixed intentionally with either a similar substitute material or a cheaper species. However, the use of pork and lard is a serious matter in Islam because foods containing ingredients from pig sources are haram (unlawful or prohibited) for Muslims to consume. Conventional techniques such as chromatography are time-consuming and require high capital cost. A possible way out is to use the rapid and less expensive near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Therefore, in this study, apart from the conventional gas chromatography analysis, a variant of NIR spectroscopy, i.e., the long-wave NIR (LW-NIR) spectroscopy system at 1350–2450 nm region in combination with chemometrics analysis was used for detecting and quantifying lard adulteration in palm oil (PO). The result has shown that the samples with a minimum level of adulteration as low as 0.5% could still be easily detected with an overall correct classification rate using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the Open-source R software. PLS calibration gives good results between predicted and measured data in quantification, showing linear correlation with coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.9987. The result agreed well with the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis and suggests the feasibility of LW-NIR spectroscopy as an efficient method for detecting and quantifying lard in palm oil.
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The data supporting the results are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Dr Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani for the fruitful discussion in conducting experiment.
Funding
This work was supported by MIMOS Berhad and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations (MOSTI), Malaysia through the research Grant (Science Fund 06–03-04-SF0065).
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Mutia Nurulhusna Hussain declares that she has no conflict of interest. Katrul Nadia Basri declares that she has no conflict of interest. Syariena Arshad declares that she has no conflict of interest. Shuhaimi Mustafa declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohd Fared Abdul Khir declares that he has no conflict of interest. Jamilah Bakar declares that she has no conflict of interest.
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Hussain, M.N., Basri, K.N., Arshad, S. et al. Analysis of Lard in Palm Oil Using Long-Wave Near-Infrared (LW-NIR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). Food Anal. Methods 16, 349–355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02423-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02423-y